화학반응의 여러 데이타 2 == ooo.txt

화학반응의 여러 데이타 2 == ooo.txt

화면을 올바르게 보기위해서는 에디터나 , 워드 프로세서의 글꼴을 다음과 같이 세팅해야 함

글꼴 -- Lucida console

courier new

로 세팅해야 함

아래의 html 문서도 Lucida console, courier new 의 글꼴로 해서 봐야 하나

내 머리가 아플것 같아서 그냥 올리니 보고싶은 사람은 다운로드 해서

에디터나 , 워드 프로세서로 볼것

아래의 데이터의 작성된 시기 ---- 1997 년

---- 많은 부분이 데이타의 오류가( 푹푹찌는여름날에 작성 )있으니 나중에 시간이 있으면 수정하겠음

download file

1139558322_OOO.txt

OOO.txt

/-----------------------

//--------------------------------------

---------- this text written by choi myung hoan . ----- 1997
---------- 지은이 : 최명환 . - 1997

[electron transfer]
!merkmal
[!prosthetic group]
!vervindungsformeln
[!pentose phosphate pathway]
[shikimmate pathway];=[sikimsan];[korismsan]=[chorismate]

┌─[glycolysis]
├─[tca.start]
│
├─[fatty acid synth]
├─[desaturase]
├─[cholesterol]
├─[phospholipid]
├─[nitrogen fixation]
├─[amino.synth]
├─[nucleotide.synth]
├─[hem synth]
│
├─[biotin carboxyl car]
└─[phosphatidy]

[glycolysis]
stryer.371

d-glucose+atp+mg(u2+)-->d-glucose-6-pohosphate(g6p)
[hexokinase]=100kd=[g=-16.7kj/mol]
┌───┬2(po(u-))....mg(u2+)
└─atp─>>─┐
┌ch2oh ┌ch2opo3(u2-) +adp+ h(u+)
┌─ch─o─┐ ┌─ch─o─┐
hoch┌oh choh hoch┌oh choh
└─ch─ch┘ └─ch─ch┘
└oh └oh

d-glucose-6-pohosphate(g6p)-->fructose-6-phosphate
[phosphoglucoisomerase]=65kd=[g=1.67kj/mol]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
┌─ch─o─┐┌───┐ ┌─ch─o ┌h
hoch┌oh c.hoh│ hoch┌oh│ choh
└─ch─ch┘ │ └─ch─c─┘
│└──>>─┘ └oh
└oh

fructose-6-phosphate-->fructose-1,6-bisphosphate[=fbp]
[phosfructokinase]=78kd=[g=-14.2kj/mol]
┌───┬2(po(u-))....mg(u2+)
└─atp─────>>───────┐ adp + h(u+)
┌ch2opo3(u2-) │ ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
┌─ch─o ┌h┌──────┘ ┌─ch─o ┌h
hoch┌oh│ choh───>> hoch┌oh│ chopo3(u2-)
└─ch─c─┘ └─ch─c─┘
└oh └oh

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate[=fbp]-->dhap+g3p
a1=[fructose bisphosphate aldolase]
dhap=dihydroxyaceton phosphate
g3p=glyceraldehyde3phosphate
pr1.
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌───<<───┐
┌─ch─o┌─<<──┬─h3n(u+).lys─┐
│ ││┌h └─────────a1──┘
hoch┌oh││chopo3(u2-)
└─ch─c┼┘
└oh───>>h2o
pr2.
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h
┌─ch─o┌─2───┬─hn(u+).lys ─┐
│ ┌┘┌h └─────┬───a1──┘
hoch┌oh│ chopo3(u2-)│
│ └─ch─c.┘ │
│ h2o │
└───>>──────s─cys───┘
pr3.
┌ch2opo3(u2-) ==>g3p
│ ┌h
┌─ch─o┌─2───┬─hn(u+).lys ─┐
│ ┌┘┌h └─────┬───a1──┘
och┌oh│ chopo3(u2-)│
ch─c.┘ │
│ └──<<─hoh─>>─┤
└─<<───hs─cys───┘
pr4.
┌ch2opo3(u2-) <==g3p
│ ┌h
┌─ch─o ┬─h3n(u+).lys─┐
│ ┌h └──────────a1─┘
och┌oh chopo3(u2-) <==dhap
ch─c─┘
│ 2┴o
h

dhap-->g3p
a1=[triose phosphate isomerase]=[g=7.56kj/mol]
garret.611

pr1.
┌h
┌oh chopo3(u2-)
ch─c─┘
│ 2┴o<<───h.(u+).a1
h───>>glu(u-).a1
pr2.
┌>>a1
│ ┌h
┌oh chopo3(u2-)
ch┬.c─┘
2│└oh
└─<<──h.glu.a1
pr3.
h(u+).a1
┌h ==>g3p
2┬o h┐ chopo3(u2-)
ch──c─┘
└oh
glu(u-).a1

g3p+nadh(u+)+pi-->1,3bisphosphoglycerate[bpg]
[glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase]
stryer.387,grrett.614
ch2opo3(u2-) ch2opo3(u2-)
│ │
hcoh ┌──h(u+) hcoh
2│┌<<───pi 2│
o┴c─h──>>nadh(u+) o┴c─opo3(u2-) nadh+h(u+)

bpg+adp+mg(u2+)-->3phosphoglycerate=3pg + atp
[phosphoglycerate kinase]
ch2opo3(u2-) ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌>>─────adp │ atp
hcoh│ mg(u2+) hcoh mg(u2+)
2│ │ 2│
o┴c─o─po3(u2-) o┴c─o(u-)

3pg+mg(u2+)-->2phosphoglycerate=2pg
[phosphoglycerate mutase]=[g=0.83kj/mol]
stryer.390,garett.613
┌─>>─────┐
ch2o─po3(u2-) │ ch2o─h
│ └──┐mg(u2+)│ │ mg(u2+)
hcoh─>>┘ │ hcopo3(u2-)
2│└────────────┘ 2│
o┴c─o(u-) o┴c─o(u-)

2pg+k(u+)+mg(u2+)-->phosphoenolpyruvate=pep
[enolase]=[g=0kj/mol]
┌──>>───┐
│ch2o─h │ ch2
││ └─┴─┴>>hoh ├2
hcopo3(u2-) copo3(u2-)
2│ 2│
o┴c─o(u-) o┴c─o(u-)

pep+k(u+)+mg(u2+)-->pyruvate
[pyruvate kinase]=[g=-31.7kj/mol]
┌───<<─h─┐
ch2 adp─┘┐ ch3 atp
├2 ┌─>>───┘ │2
co─po3(u2-) c┴o
2│ 2│
o┴c─o(u-) o┴c─o(u-)

------------[tca.start]-------------------------------
citric acid cycle(=tricarboxylic acid cycle
=krebscycle
coa=coenzyme a

coa=coenzyme a=hs-(coa)
adenin phosphorylated ribose(3')-phosphate-phosphate pantothenic acid-beta mercaptoethylamine

┌─2ps───┐ ┌─adenin
ch2 ┌─5'──1'─┐ adenin
│┌ch3 │ ribose │
c┴ch3 └─3'─────┘
└─choh └─h2po4
└2(co─nh─2(ch2))─sh

stryer.390

┌oh┌h ┌oh┌h ┌h ┌h
h─1c─2c─3c─4c─5c─c─oh
│ └oh└h └oh │ └h
└────o──────┘

pyruvate
ch3─co─coo



citric acid cycle(=tricarboxylic acid cycle
=krebscycle
coa=coenzyme a

pruvate+(coa)─sh+nad(u+)+enz.--->acetyl.(coa)+co2+nadh--> j0
--------pr.start-----
pr1
┌──────>>──┐
h┐─<<─┐ o┬2
2┌nh2 2┬─c──s │ ch3─c─coo
n┴c─c─ch2─n(u+)│ └─────┘
│2 ├2 └─c┬─c─2(ch2)─o─po3─po3
c┴n─c─h h3c┘2
└─ch3
tpp=thiamine pyrophosphate
pr2
a2=dihydrolipoamidease=lipoamide
┌──────>>────┐
ho┐┌───>>──┐ │
ch3─c.─coo ┌s─s┐ 2┬o
│ └┴┴┐ ch2 ch─4(ch2)─c─┐
┌──c───┐ │ └ch2┘ ┌────┘
│ tpp │ │┌──┘ ┌─lys.nh─┐
└──────┘ ││ └──a2────┘
│└──<<─────┐
└─co2─eng.─┘

pr3
acetyllipoamide+hs─(coa)-->dihydrolipoamide+acetyl.(coa)
┌──>>─────────┐
hs-(coa)┌────┐ │
└───>>──┘ h┐ ┌─co─ch3
(u-) ┌s s┐ 2┬o
│ ch2 ch─4(ch2)─c─┐
┌──c───┐ └ch2┘ ┌────┘
│ tpp │ ┌─lys.nh─┐
└──────┘ └──a2────┘

pr4
[dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase]
┌─co─ch3
s-(coa)
┌─<<────h┐ ┌h──>>─nad(u+)
(u-) ┌s s┐ 2┬o
│ ch2 ch─4(ch2)─c─┐
┌──c───┐ └ch2┘ ┌────┘
│ tpp │ ┌─lys.nh─┐
└──────┘ └──a2────┘

pr5
nadh
h ┌s─s┐ 2┬o
│ ch2 ch─4(ch2)─c─┐
┌──c───┐ └ch2┘ ┌────┘
│ tpp │ ┌─lys.nh─┐
└──────┘ └──a2────┘
-------------pr.end--------

oxaloacetate(=c4) + acetyl.(coa)(=c2)+h(u+) ---> !j1
┌────<<─h─o───>>─────┐
│ └h │
│ ┌──────────<<──────┼─┐
o┬c─coo(u-) o─2─c─ch3──┐
2│ │───<<─┘
h2c─coo(u-) s.─(coa)

j0 -->
oxaloacetate(=c4) + acetyl.(coa)(=c2)--> citryl.(coa) --> citrate(c6) -->!j1
stryer.405 ;g=-31.4 kj/mol
hoh─────>>─h─────┐
┌────<<h────────────────┐ └──────>>─o───┐ │
│ ┌──<<────────────────┐│ ┌ch2─co─s.(coa) ┌ch2─coo(u-) hs.(coa)
o┬c─coo(u-) o─2─c─ch3──┐ ho─c─coo(u-) ho─c─coo(u-)
2│ │───<<─┘ │ │
h2c─coo(u-) s.─(coa) h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)

!j1 ---> citrate(c6) + hs─(coa)+h(u+) --->j2
ooc─ch2
│
ho─c─coo(u-)
│
h2c─coo(u-)

!j2 --->citrate(c6)┬>cis aconitate┬>iso citrate--> j3
g=+6.7kj/mol
(aconitase) └─dehydration └─hydration
┌──>>────hoh───┬oh>>┐ ┌oh
├──h2c─coo(u-) │ h─c─coo(u-) h─c─coo(u-)
│ │ │ ├2 │
└─ho─c─coo(u-) └h─>>c─coo(u-) h─c─coo(u-)
│ │ │
h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)


j3->iso citrate --> oxalosuccinate -->alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)--> j4
[isocitrate dehydrogenase]
stryer.397 ; g=-8.4kj/mol
┌───┬─>>─nad(u+) nadh+h(u+) nadh
│ ┌oh 2┬o └────┐ 2┬o
h─c─coo(u-) c─coo(u-)│ c─coo(u-)
│ │┌─<<────┘ │
h─c─coo(u-) h─c─coo(u-) h─c─h + co2
│ │ └┴┴───>>co2 │
h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)


j4->alpha ketoglutartate-->succinyl─(coa)(=c4)-->j5
[alpha ketoglutartate dehydrogenase]
stryer.398 ;g=-30kj/mol
┌─<<────hs─(coa) ┌──s─(coa)
│ 2┬o └─>>──nad(u+) 2┬o│ nadh
└──c─coo(u-) c─┘
│ └┴┴───>>co2 │ co2
h─c─h h─c─h
│ │
h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)

j5->succinyl─(coa)+pi+gdp-->succinate+gtp-->j6
(=c4)=8kcal/mol ;g=-3.3kj/mol
[sucynyl coa synthetase]=[succinate thiokinase]
┌─eng.─>>──┐┌─enz.─┐
2┬o│ pi.his(u+)┘ 2┬o his.enz.
c.─s──(coa)│ coh hs─(coa)
││ └<<─hoh └─>>──┐ │ gtp+h2o
h2c└──<<──┴┘┌─gdp──┘ h2c
│ └──>>─────┐ │
h2c─coo(u-) gtp+h2o─┘ h2c─coo(u-)

[nucleoside diphosphate kinase]
gtp+adp -->gdp+atp

j6->succinate ------>fumarate
[succinate dehydrogenase] ;g=+0.4kj/mol
┌─coo(u-) ┌─>>───┐ ┌─coo(u-)
hch──┐ │ ┌─fad hc ┌─fadh2
│ ├─2h──┘┌3'n──┐ ├2 ┌3'n──┐
hch──┘ │enz. │ hc │enz. │
└─coo(u-) └─────┘ └─coo(u-)└─────┘

j7->fumarate-->malate----> oxaloacetate--> j0
[fumarase]
g=-3.8kj/mol g=+29.7kj/mol
┌─coo(u-) ┌─coo(u-) ┌─coo(u-)
hc─<<─┬┐ ch─oh c┬o
├2 hoh │└──┴─>>─nad │2 nadh+h(u+)
hc──<<──┘ hc─h hc─h
└─coo(u-) └─coo(u-) └─coo(u-)

--------[oxidative phosphorylation]------------
nadh+fadh2 + o2 --> atp+h2o ;stryer.421
stryer.425
(nadh+h(u+))+1/2o2 -->nad(u+)+h2o
-0.32 +0.816-->1.136v=-52.6kcal
1v=23.06kcal -2*23.06*1.136=<>───┘


┌─>>4h(u+) ┌>>4h(u+) ┌>>2h(u+)
│ ┌─uqh2─>>┐ │┌─cytc.ox──<<──┐│
│ │┌uq──<<┐│ ││┌cytc.red─>>─┐││
┌a1─┬─────┐ │└┌──┐<<──uqh2┐ ┌──┐
│ │ │ └─│ │─>>─uq─┐│ │ │
┌─│ │ ├────│ │──────┌──┐─│ │──────┐
│ │ └┬────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
└─│ ├─────────│ │──────│ │─│ │──────┘
│ │ │ │ └a2┤ │ │
┌─>>─┐ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ └─┼──┘ └a3┘ │ ├a4┘
│ │ │ │
│ nad(u+) │ ├>>─h2o
└─nadh+h(u+) │ └<<─o2+4h
├─<<──succinate
└─>>──fumarate
r=(ch2─ch(cch3)─ch2)10─h
uq=ubiqinon
pr1. pr2. pr3.
uq= uqh(u-)= uqh2=
2┬o o(u-)─┐<<────┐ oh────┐
h3co─c─c─c─ch3 h3co─c─c┬c─ch3│ h3co─c─c┬c─ch3
├2 ├2 ├2 2│ │ ├2 2│
h3co─c─c─c─r h3co─c─c┬c─r │ h3co─c─c┬c─r
2┴o─<<─┐ ho─┘2 │ ho─┘2
e(u+)+h(u+)──┘ e(u+)+h(u+)──┘

---a3-----
(fe.s)=riseke protein
pr1. ;garret.675
2h(u+)─<<──┐┌──>>─e(u-)+(cyt c).u+3) ──>>(cyt c)(u2+)
───────────┐┌─────││──────────────┐
│ │└─(cyt c1)─<<─┐│ (fe.s)(u2+)──┬>>┌─(cyt c1)(u2+)──┬>>┌─(cyt c)(u2+)
┌──────>>──uqh2─┼─>>e(u-)+fe.s─┘│ (fe.s)(u3+)<<┘ └─(cyt c1)(u3+)<<┘ └─(cyt c)(u3+)
┌─│─────┐ │┌─<<─┴─>>e(u-)─>>─┐ │
│uqh2*n │─┐ │uq──┐ ┌─(cyt bl)─┘ │
│uq*n─>>─┐└──<<──┘ └────>>────┐ │
└───────┘└───uq<<─────(cyt bh)─┘ │
│└──>>─uqh(u-)<<───────┐
───────────┘└────────a3───────────┘│
h(u+)─>>┘
pr2.
2h(u+)─<<──┐┌──>>─e(u-)+(cyt c).u+3) ──>>(cyt c)(u2+)
───────────┐┌─────││──────────────┐
│ │└─(cyt c1)─<<─┐│
┌──────>>──uqh2─┼─>>e(u-)+fe.s─┘│
┌─│─────┐ │┌─<<─┴─>>e(u-)─>>─┐ │
│uqh2*n ──┐ │uq──┐ ┌─(cyt bl)─┘ │
│uq*n │ └──<<──┘ └────>>─────┐ │
└────│──┘ │uqh(u-)<<─(cyt bh)─┘ │
│ │└─────────>>uqh(1u-)<<┐
└──<<────uqh2─────────┘ ││
─membrane──┘└─a3──────────────────┘│
h(u+)─>>┘

(cyt c)
hem
lys.13.nh3(u+)
┌┐
││
┌──fe(u3+)
│ │││
│ └┘└─┐
─s.met.80 n.his.18

---a4-----
;stryer.429
4*(cyt c(u2+).h(u+))+o2-->4(cyt c(u3+)+2h2o

(cyt c)->(cu a.cyt a)->(cyt a3.cu b)

(cu a) │<1.5nm>│ (cyt a)
his.n──┬cu ┌┐┌──n.his
his.n──┤ │││
cys.s──┤ fe(u3+)
cys.s──┘ │ ││
│ └┘
└─────n.his

----(cyt a3.cu b)----
hem
┌┐ ┌s.sys
││ │
┌──fe(u3+)...cu(2+)
│ ││ r1────┤
│ └┘ r2────┤
n.his r3────┘

pr1. pr2.
o2─>>─┐ ┌(u-)o─o(u-)─┐
┌─────────────┐ ┌─│────────────│─┐
├fe(2+) (u+)cu┤ ├fe(u3+) (u2+)cu┤
└(cyt a3)─────┘ └(cyt a3)────────┘

pr3. pr4. ....
e(u-)>>┐ ┌<<─h(u+) . ┌h
┌(u-)o──o(u-)─┐ ┌(u2-)o o(u-)─┐
┌─│─────────────│─┐ ┌─│─────────────│─┐
├fe(u3+) (u2+)cu┤ ├fe(u4+) (u2+)cu┤
└(cyt a3)─────────┘ └(cyt a3)─────────┘

pr5. ┌.┐
h(u+)>>─┐│┌h<<──e(u-)+h(u+)
┌(u2-)o┘o(u-)─┐
┌─│─────────────│─┐
├fe(u4+) (u2+)cu┤
└(cyt a3)─────────┘

pr6. pr7.
e(u-)─>>─────┐ ┌─<<─────h(u+)+e(u-)
┌(u1-)oh h2o│ ┌(u1-)oh
┌─│─────────────│─┐ ┌─│───────────────┐
├fe(u3+)...(u2+)cu┤ ├fe(u3+) (u1+)cu┤
└(cyt a3)─────────┘ └(cyt a3)─────────┘

pr7.-->pr1.
h2o
┌─────────────────┐
├fe(u2+) (u1+)cu┤
└(cyt a3)─────────┘







-----------------------------------------------
garet.665
---- reduction potential ---
o2->h2o 0.816
fe(u3)->fe(u2+)0.771
photosystem p7000.430
no3(u-)->no2(u-)+h2o0.421
cytochrome f (fe(u3+))0.365
cytochrome a3(fe(u3+))0.350
cytochrome a (fe(u3+))0.290
riesk fe-s(fe(u3+))0.280
cytochrome c (fe(u3+))0.254
cytochrome c1(fe(u3+))0.220
uq=coenzyme q-----
uqh->uqh20.190
uq->uqh20.060
cytochrome bh(fe(u3+))0.050
fumarate+2h->succinate0.031
uq->uqh0.030
cytochrome b5(fe(u3+))0.020
fad.enyme->fadh2.enyme 0.003<->0.091
-----minus--
cytochrome bl(fe(u3+)) -0.100
oxaloacetate+2h->maalate -0.166
pyruvate+2h->lactate -0.185
acetaldehyde+2h->ethanol -0.197
fmn->fmnh2 -0.219
fad->fadh2 -0.219
glutathion+2h->2glutathion -0.230
lipoic acid+2h->dihydrolipoic acid -0.290
1,3bisphosphoglycerate+2h->
glyceraldehyde3phosate+pi -0.290
nad(u+)->nadh+h(u+) -0.320
nadp(u+)->nadph+h(u+) -0.320
lipoyl dehygenase[fad]->
lipoyl dehygenase[fadh2] -0.340
alpha ketoglutarate+co2+2h->isocitrate -0.380
2h(u+)->h2 -0.420
ferredoxin(fe(u3+)) -0.430
succinate+co2+2h->alpha ketoglutarate+h2o -0.670

k(d(spa)).25.grad
Ms.solid+2h3o.aq->M(u2+)+h2s+2h2o.l

Cds8*10^-7
Cos3
Cus6*10^-16
fes6*10^2
Pbs3*10^-7
mns3*10^-10
hg.s2*10^-32
ni.s8*10^-1
ag2.s6*10^-30
sn.s1*10^-5
zn.s3*10^-2

-----------------------------------------------
garret.803
┌─>>[acyl carnitine]
│ ┌────────────┘
│ └─>>┌[fatty acid system]┐
│ └───┬───────────────┘
│ └───>>─────┐
├─>>[malate]──>>───┐─┼──>>nadh+h(u+)
│ │ │
│ ┌─<<────┼─┼[coa]+nadh(u+)
│ ┌──────────>>──┼─┼┐─>>co2+nadh+h(u+)
├─[pyruvate(c2)]┐ │ ││
│ ┌──<<────────┘<<┼─┼┼─biotin.ase.+co2
│ [oxaloacetate](=c4)│└──────┐
│ ┌──<<──────┘<<────[acetyl─coa]
└┐│
│[citrate](c6)
│ ┌<<┘└─>>─┐
│┌┴──────┐ │
││[tca] │ │
│└───────┘ │
│ │ mito.
┌──│──────────│──────────────────┐
└──│──────────│──────────────────┘
│ │ cytosol
│ ┌─>>──┼─>>adp ┌─────┐
│ atpase.├───>>acetyl─coa<<───┼─┐
┌┤ └─>>oxaloacetate(=c4)│ │
││ ┌─a1─<<───────┘<<┼─┼─────────────┐
│├───<<─────────malate──┐ │ │ │
││ co2<<┬──<<──────┘───┬─<<─┼─┼──nadp │
││ └>>pyruvate(c2)└─>>─┼─┼──nadph+h(u+)│
│└───<<───────────┘ │ │ │ │ │
│ ┌──>>─────┘>>────┼─┼───┼─nadh+h(u+)
│ ┌──┴─────────┐ │ │ │
│[glucose] ┌──[glycolysis]│ │ │ │
│ └─>>─────┘ └────────────┘ │ │ │
│ amino.────────>>───────────────┼─┘ │
│ fatty.────────<<───────────────┘<<───┘
│ └─────>>─────┐
└───<<────[acyl carnitine]

------[fatty acid system]----------------------------
triacylglycerol

ch2─o─co─(ch2)n─ch3
│
ch──o─co─(ch2)n─ch3
│
ch2─o─co─(ch2)n─ch3

r=─(ch2)n─ch3
j10-->triacylglycerol--> glycerol+fatty acid
[triacylglycerol lipase]
┌─<<─3h2o
┌─ch2┼─o─co─r ┌─ch2─oh hooc─r
ch───┼─o─co─r ch────oh hooc─r
└─ch2┴─o─co─r └─ch2─oh hooc─r

j11-->
fatty acid+atp-->acyl adenylate--> acyl coa
[acyl coa synthetase]
r─coo(u-)+atp r─co─amp+ppi+hs─coa r─co─s─coa+amp

j12-->
(acyl coa)+carnitine --> acyl carnitine
[carnitine acyltransferase 1]
┌ch3 ┌h ┌ch3 ┌h
h3c─n(u+)─ch2─c─ch2─coo(u-) h3c─n(u+)─ch2─c─ch2─coo(u-)
└ch3 └oh └ch3 └o─co─r
┌────>>─────┘│ hs─coa
r─co─s─coa │
└─<<──────┘

j13-->
[translocase]
(acyl carnitine)+cytosol -->(acyl carnitine)+mitocondria

j14-->
acyl carnitine --------------> (acyl coa)+carnitine
[carnitine acyltransferase 2]

┌ch3 ┌h ┌ch3 ┌h
h3c─n(u+)─ch2─c─ch2─coo(u-) h3c─n(u+)─ch2─c─ch2─coo(u-)
└ch3 └o─co─r └ch3 └oh
┌────>>───────┘ │
│┌───<<─────────┘ r─co─s─coa
hs─coa

j15-->
acyl─coa -----------> enoyl─coa
[acyl─coa dehydrogenase]=170-180kd=3 art

┌───┬───>>fad ┌2 fadh2
r─ch2─ch2─co─s─coa r─ch┴ch─co─s─coa
pr1.
etf=electron transfer flavoprotein
ez.(fadh2)-->etf(fad)-->etf(fe.s)-->etf(uq)+membrane
pr2.
ez.(fad)-->etf(fad)-->etf(fe.s)-->etf(uqh2)+membrane

j16-->
enoyl─coa -------->hydroxyacyl─coa
[enoyl─coa hydratase]

┌──<<────┬┐
│ ┌2┌───hoh ┌oh ┌h
r─ch┴─ch─co─s─coa r─ch──ch─co─s─coa

j17-->
hydroxyacyl─coa ---->ketoacyl─coa
[hydroxyacyl─coa dehydrogenase]
┌──>>───nad
ho┐┌─>>──┘ o┬2 nadh+h(u+)
r─ch──ch2─co─s─coa r─c──ch2─co─s─coa

j18-->
ketoacyl─coa ------->fatty acyl─coa+acetyl─coa
[thiolase=ketothiolase]

o┬2┌─<<───┐ o┬2
│┌┘┌─<<─hs─coa │ ┌──s─coa ==> fatty acyl─coa
r─c.─ch2─co─s─coa r─c─┘ ch3─co─s─coa ==> acetyl─coa
-->j11-->

aa=palmitsan
gret.788
aa=106.atp.33%=9790kj/mol.co2
106.atp=106*30.5kj/mol=3233kj/mol
3233/9790=33%
aa=palmitoyl coa
stryer.505
nadh+h(u+)=3.atp , fadh2->uq=2.atp
aa=129.atp.40%=2340kcal/mol.co2
129.atp=129*7.3kcal/mol=940kcal/mol
940/2340=40%

-----------------------------------------------
------(fatty acid synth.)----------------------
acetyl─coa+malonyl─coa*7+14(nadph+h(u+))
--->palmitoyl─coa+7hco3+7coash+14nadp(u+)

--->j0
acetyl─coa ----> malonyl─coa
[acetyl coa carboxylase]=biotin
h3c─co─s─coa+atp+hco3(u-) --->
(u-)ooc─ch2─co─s─coa+adp+pi

acetyl─coa+malonyl─coa---->acetoacyl─acp
[acyl malonyl acp condensing enzyme]
=beta ketoacyl acp synthase=ksase
acp=acyl carrier protein=77.amino.
pr1. ┌┬┬─>>co2
h3c─co─s─acp (u-)ooc─ch2─co─s─acp
└──<<──────────────┘
pr2. hs─acp + co2
h3c─co─ch2─co─s─acp
pr3.
acetoacyl─acp
┌┬─<<─nadph+h(u+)
h3c─co─ch2─co─s─acp
pr4.
d3 hydroxy butiryl acp
nadp
h3c─choh─ch2─co─s─acp

--->jxx
(d3 hydroxy butiryl acp)
┌┬──┬───>>h2o
h3c─choh─ch2─co─s─acp

--->jxx
(krotonyl acp)
┌──┬─<<─nadph+h(u+)
h3c─ch┬ch─co─s─acp
2┘
--->jxx
(butiryl acp)
┌─────────┬─>>r
h3c─ch2─ch2─co─s─acp

--->j50
┌┬┬─>>co2
r─co─s─acp (u-)ooc─ch2─co─s─acp
└──<<────────────┘
--->j51
hs─acp + co2
┌┬─<<─nadph+h(u+)
r─co─ch2─co─s─acp

--->j52
nadp
┌┬──┬───>>h2o
r─choh─ch2─co─s─acp

--->j53
┌──┬─<<─nadph+h(u+)
r─ch┬ch─co─s─acp
2┘
--->j54
┌───────┬─>>r
r─ch2─ch2─co─s─acp

--->j55--[*4].loop.-->j50-->

--->j60
(palmitoyl─acp)
ch2─(ch2)14─co─s─acp
----e.coli
triacylglycerol or insanjibangjil
----animal.zellen
pr1.
hoh─>>─┬──┐
ch2─(ch2)14─co─s─acp
pr2.
(palmit acid)
ch2─(ch2)14─cooh h─s─acp

garret.812

fas=fatty acid synthase=250kd*2

┌───>>─────────┐
│ ┌──┐ │
┌┴───┐ │ ┌┴───┐ │
│tease │ │tease │
└┬───┘ │ └┬───┘ │
┌┴───┐ │ ┌┴───┐ │
│kr │ │ │kr │ │
│dh │ │ │dh │ │
│er │ │ │er │ │
└┬───┘ │ └┬───┘ │
┌┴───┐ │ ┌┴───┐ │
│at │ │ │at │ │
│ksase │ │ksase │
│mt │ │ │mt │ │
└┬───┘ │ └─┬──┘ │
└─<<──┘ └────┘

pr1.
┌─<<───┐
at─ser.oh ch3co─s─coa
└──>>────┘
ksase.cys.sh
┌───<<───┐
mt─ser.oh o2cch2co─s─coa
└────>>────┘

pr2.
┌──────┐ (acetyl)
at─ser.o ch3co h─s─coa
│ └>>──┐
└<<────────hs─acp
ksase.cys.sh
┌────────┐ (malonyl)
mt─ser.o o2cch2co h─s─coa

pr3.
at─ser.oh ch3co─s─acp
┌<<─┘ │
ksase.cys.sh──>>─┘
┌────────┐ (malonyl)
mt─ser.o o2cch2co h─s─coa

pr4.
at─ser.oh ch3co h─s─acp
┌───┘┌─┘ │
ksase.cys.s ┌┘┌<<┘
┌──<<──┘ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.o o2cch2co h─s─coa
└────────┘
pr5. ┌<<┐
at─ser.oh ch3co │ s─acp
┌───┘┌─┘ │
ksase.cys.s ┌─┘┌──┘
co2<<─┬─┐│ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.oh o2cch2co

pr6.
at─ser.oh ch3co s─acp
┌┘ │
ksase.cys.sh │ ┌──┘
co2 │ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.oh ch2co

pr7.
nadph--->> ch3co s─acp
h2o <---- ┌┘ │
nadph--->> │ ┌──┘
ch2co

pr8.
┌─────────┬────r
ch3─ch2─ch2─co─s─acp

pr13.
at─ser.oh r─co─s─acp
┌<<─┘ │
ksase.cys.sh──>>─┘
┌───<<───┐
mt─ser.oh o2cch2co─s─coa
└────>>────┘

pr14.
at─ser.oh r─co h─s─acp
┌───┘┌─┘ │
ksase.cys.s ┌┘┌<<┘
┌──<<──┘ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.o o2cch2co h─s─coa
└────────┘

pr15. ┌<<┐
at─ser.oh r─co │ s─acp
┌───┘┌─┘ │
ksase.cys.s ┌─┘┌──┘
co2<<─┬─┐│ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.oh o2cch2co

pr16.
at─ser.oh r─co s─acp
┌┘ │
ksase.cys.sh │ ┌──┘
co2 │ │ (malonyl)
mt─ser.oh ch2co

pr17.
nadph--->> r──co s─acp
h2o <---- ┌┘ │
nadph--->> │ ┌──┘
ch2co
pr18.
┌─────────┬────r
r───ch2─ch2─co─s─acp

--->pr19.--[*4].loop.-->pr13.-->
--->pr20.
(palmitoyl─acp)
ch2─(ch2)14─co─s─acp

------(fatty acid synth.end)-------
garret.284
saturated
acid.
raur 12:0 ch3(ch2)10cooh
mirist 14:0 ch3(ch2)12cooh
palmit 16:0
stear 18:0
arakid 20:0
behen 22:0
rignoser 24:0

usaturated
acid.
pamitole 16:1 cis.9
ole 16:1 cis.9
linole 18:2 cis.9,12
linolen 18:3 cis.9,12,15
linolen 18:3 cis.6,9,12
arakidon 20:4 cis.5,8,11,14
nerbon 24:1 cis.15

------[desaturase.start]-------
[essential fatty acid]
├linolenate ch3─(ch2)1─ch─2─ch─r
│ (18:3,cis.9,12,15)
└linoleate ch3─(ch2)4─ch─2─ch─r
(18:2,cis.9,12)
palmitoleasan(16:1),olesan(18:1)

[electron transfer]
[stearoyl coa desaturase]=53kd=in.microsome=in.sopoche
=scd
pr1.
nadh+h(u+)->[fad]->[cyt b5].fe(u3+)───┐
┌────[stearoyl coa]<┬┬fe(u3+).scd<<───┘
│ ┌──h(u+)───┘└─h(u+)──┐
│ ┌──└───>>o─2─o<<────────┘───>>2h2o
│ └──h─<<──┐ ┌──>>──h──┘
└──ch3─(ch2)7─ch2─ch2─(ch2)7─co─s─coa
pr2.
nad ->[fad]->[cyt b5].fe(u3+)───┐
┌────[oleoyl coa]<──fe(u3+).scd<<─────┘
│ 2h2o
└──ch3─(ch2)7─ch┬ch─(ch2)7─co─s─coa
2─┘

[arachidonate].make
linoleate (18:2,cis.9,12)
└─>>─┐ <--coa+atp
linoleoyl─coa (18:2,cis.9,12)
└─>>─┐ <--bulpohoabanu'ng
linolenoyl─coa (18:3,cis.6,9,12)
└─>>─┐ <--malonyl─coa,yeonjangbanu'ng
xxxxxxxxxx─coa (20:3,cis.8,11,14)
└─>>─┐ <--bulpohoabanu'ng
[arachidonate─coa] (20:4,cis.5,8,11,14)
└─>>─┐ <--h2o
[arachidonate] (20:4,cis.5,8,11,14)
└─── r(20:4)─coo(u-)

------[desaturase.end]-------
garret.831
[cholesterol]

j5-->
[gatiol].enzym.

ch3─co─s─coa
┌>>─┘ │
│┌──>>─┘
ch3─co─s─coa

j6-->
acetoacetyl+acetyl-coa-->hmg─coa
[hmg─coa redutase].enzym.=97kd=3.uhr.half
=sopoche.membrane.(cytosol.side.act.)
pr1. pr2.
ch3─co─s─coa ch2─co hs─coa
││ └─┐└<<─┐ │ └oh
│└>>─┐└<<┬┐│ │
└>>─┐│ hoh └───┐
ch3─co hs─coa ch3─c─oh
┌───┘ ┌───┘
ch2─co─s─coa ch2─co─s─coa

hmg─coa+2(nadph+h(u+))
pr3.
ch2─coo(u-)
└───┐
ch3─c─oh
┌───┘ ┌┬──<<──nadph+h(u+).1
ch2───co─s─coa
└──┴─<<─nadph+h(u+).2

3r-[mebalonsan]
pr4.
ch2─coo(u-)
└───┐
ch3─c─oh
┌───┘ ┌h nadp(u+)
ch2───coh hs─coa
└h nadp(u+)

j10-->
[mebalonsan]
h3c─┐ atp─>>─┐
hooc─ch2─c─ch2─ch2oh
oh─┘ atp─>>─┘
j11-->
[5-2pi-mebalonsan]
┌┬┬───>>co2
│││ h3c─┐
hooc─ch2─c─ch2─ch2o─2pi
│ oh─┘
└─────┴┴───>>h2o
j12-->
[isopentenil-2pi]
h3c─┐
ch2┬c─ch2─ch2o─2pi
│ └2 │
└─<<───┘
j13-->
[dimetilalil-2pi]
┌──>>2pi
h3c─┐ ┌─┴─┐ h3c─┐
ch3─c┬ch─ch2o─2pi ch3─c┬ch─ch2o─2pi
└2 └──┼──<<──┘│ └2
└──<<───┘
j14-->
[xxxxxxxxxxx-2pi]
2pi ┌──>>2pi
h3c─┐ h3c─┐ ┌─┴─┐ h3c─┐
ch3─c┬ch─ch2 ch2─c┬ch─ch2o─2pi ch3─c┬ch─ch2o─2pi
└2 └───┘ └2 └──┼──<<──┘│ └2
└──<<───┘
j14-->
[parnesil-2pi]
2pi
h3c─┐ h3c─┐ h3c─┐
ch3─c┬ch─ch2 ch2─c┬ch─ch2 ch2─c┬ch─ch2o─2pi
└2 └───┘ └2 └───┘ └2

j15-->
[parnesil-2pi]
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h ┌─────<<─────┐
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2o─2pi │
└2 └2 └2 │ │
└>>─┐ nadph+h(u+)
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h┌───┘ │
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2o─2pi │
└2 └2 └2 └─<<─────┘

j16-->
[squalen]
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2 +2pi
└2 └2 └2 │
│ nadp
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h│
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2 +2pi
└2 └2 └2

j17-->
┌───<<─────┐
│ │
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
└2 │└2 │└2 │
┌───>>──┘ ┌>>┘ │
│ │ │
hoh───┘ ┌────>>─┼────┐ │
└┴─>>┐ │ └──┐ │ │
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ ┌h│
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
│└2 2┘│ └2
└────>>──────┘


j18-->
┌──────────┐
│ │
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ │ h3c─┐ │
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
└2 │ └h │ └h│
h┘ │ │
│ │
┌──────────┼─┐ │
oh┐ │ │ │ │
h3c─┐ │ │ ┌h │ │ │
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
│ └h h3c─┘ │ h3c─┘ └h
└────────────┘

j19-->
[cholesterol].pre

17 16 15 14 13 12
24 21 ┌─17'──13'─┐
25 23 22 20 │ xxx │
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ │ h3c─┐ │
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
h>>─┘2└<<h │ └h │ └h┼─<<──ch3.in
h┘ 14' │
│ │
┌─10'─9'───┼─┐ │
xxx oh┐ │ x x 8'│ │
h3c─┐ │ │ ┌h ┌h │ │ │
ch3─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c──c─ch2─c┬c─ch2
xxx │ └h h3c─┘ │ h┘ h3c─┘ └h
└────4'─5'───┘ xxx
4 3 2 1 10 5 6 7 8 9 11
xxx-->h,x-->cls.

j20-->
pr22.[cholesterol]
17 16 15 14 13 12
24 21 ┌─17'──13'─┐
25 23 22 20 │ │
h3c─┐ ┌h h3c─┐ │ h──┐ │
ch3─c─c─2(ch2)─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c─ch2
h─┘ └h │ └h │ └─┼─ch3
h┘ 14' │
│ │
┌─10'─9'───┼─┐ │
oh┐ │ 8'│ │
h─┐ │ │ │ │ │
h─c┬c─2(ch2)─c┬c┬─c─ch2─c┬c─ch2
│ └h h3c─┘ │└2└h h──┘ └h
└────4'─5'───┘
4 3 2 1 10 5 6 7 8 9 11

[cholesterol.tanso]
h3c26─hc25──────3(ch2)───┐ 3┬h3
h3c27──┘ c18 ┌c20h─c21
│ │
c19 c11─c12─c13─c17─c16
│ │ │ │
c2─c1─c10──c9──c8──c14─────c15
│ │ 2 │
ho─c3─c4─c5─┴─c6──c7

;---xxxxxxx------
c19 c11─c12─c13─c17─c16
│ ┌┘ ┌┘ ┌┘ ┌┘
c2─c1─c10──c9──c8──c14─────c15
┌┘ ┌┘ 2 ┌┘
ho─c3─c4─c5─┴─c6──c7

----[phospholipid]---
;garret.818

glycerol-->glycerol3-pi
[glycerokinase]
┌cch2oh ┌cch2oh
ch───oh ch───oh
└─ch2oh └─ch2o─po3(u2-)
┌─<<─┘│ adp
└atp<<┘

glycerol3-pi --->phosphatidic acid
[xxxase]
pr1.
┌──>>───┐
┌─ch2oh──┐ r─co─(coa or acp)
ch───oh └──>>────┘
└─ch2o─po3(u2-)
pr2.
┌─ch2o─co─r (h─coa or h─acp)
ch───oh
└─ch2o─po3(u2-)
pr3.
┌─ch2o─co─r ┌──┐
│ ┌──>>──┘r─co─s─(coa or acp)
ch───oh─────>>────┘
└─ch2o─po3(u2-)
pr4.
┌─ch2o─co─r hs─(coa or acp)
ch───o─co─r
└─ch2o─po3(u2-)

-------[nitrogen fixation].start---
;stryer.606;garret.877

;--nitrate assimilation---
[nitrate reductase]
no3(u-)+2h(u+)+2e(u-)-->no2(u-)+h2o
┌─────<<───────────────────┘
no2(u-)+8h(u+)+6e(u-)-->nh4(u+)+2h2o

[nitrate reductase]

nadh->[─sh->fad->[cyt b557]->MoCo]->no3(u-)

---[nitrogen fixation]---
n2+8h(u+)+8e(u-)->2nh3+h2
n2+6e(u-)+12atp+12h2o->2nh4(u+)+12adp+12pi+4h(u+)

a1=[reductase]=65kd
a2=[nitrogenase]=220kd

feredoxin───┐
┌─8e(u-)─────┘
│ ┌─a1─┐┌─a2──┐
└>>│ ││fe.s │<<──n2
│fe.s││mofe │──>>nh3
└┬───┘└─────┘
┌┴>>adp
└─<<atp

---a2----
┌───┬─────────a2─────────────────────┬───────┐
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
│ 2┬o │
│ o─co─coh─ch2─ch2─c─o┐ │
│ │ └────┐ │ │
│ s │┌─o───c──ch2 s│ │
├cys.s─fe┼─s─┐ ││ │ ┌─s─┼fe──s.cys─┤
├cys.s─fe┼─s─┼─mo...n─┼┬n...fe┼─s─┼fe──s.cys─┤
└cys.s─fe┴─s─┘ 2┤└3 └─s─┴fe──s.cys─┘
[fe3s4mo] o [fe4s4]

mo=fe=banadyum

-------[nitrogen fixation].end-----
-------[amino.synth].start-----------
;stryer.608,garret.878
*=pilsu
alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)+nh4(u+)
┌<──[glu.make]<<──┘
├[gln.make]
├[pro.make]
└[arg.make]

glu.+ oxaloacetate(=c4)
┌<──[asp.make]<<────┘
├[asn.make]
├[thr.make]*
│ └─[ile.make]*
├[met.make]*
└[lys.make]*
└──[lys.machen.yuglena]

3phosphoglycerate=3pg
┌<──[ser.make]<<────┘
├[gly.make]
└[cys.make]

pyruvate+glu.[glutamate]
┌<<────┘
├[ala.make]
├[val.make]*
└[leu.make]*

pep+[erythrose-4-phosphat]
┌<<────┘
├[phe.make]*
│ └─[tyr.make.animal]
├[tyr.make]
└[trp.make]*

[ribose 5-phosphate]+atp
┌<<────┘
└[his.make]*

alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)

┌─<<───┐
2┬o nh4(u+)
c─coo(u-)
│
ch2
│
h2c─coo(u-)

!merkmal
glu.[nh.donor]
gln.[nh2.donor]
[ch3.donor]
[ho│h exchg]
[hco'h│h'coh' -->h2o]
[─3─co'h│─h'coh' -->h2o]
[ch2─pi -->coo(u-)]
[ch-->coh] [coo(u-)-->cho]
[c│c vervindung]
[thf.donor.cho]
[thf.donor.ch2]
[thf.donor.ch3]
[thf.nehmen.ch2]
[ring.c│n]
[biotin.c│co2]
asp.[nh2.donor]
[feedback inhibitor]

!vervindungsformeln
!thf
[carbamoyl-pi.make]
[high.chemie]
[sulfate assimilation]
[!pentose phosphate pathway]
[shikimmate pathway];=[sikimsan];[korismsan]=[chorismate]

!thf
thf=tetrahydrofolate ;stryer.611,garret.523
=polsan
-2 ─ch3 5'n─metyl─thf
0 ─ch2─ 5'n,10'n─metylen─thf
2 ─ch─2─o 5'n─formyl─thf
2 ─ch─2─o 10'n─formyl─thf
2 ─ch─2─nh 5'n─form'imino─thf
2 ─ch─2─ 5'n,10'n─metinyl─thf

----[glu.make].start--------
┌alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)
└ +nh4(u+)+nadph+h(u+)----->glu.
[glutamate dehydrogenase]=gdh
ch2─coo(u-) ch2─coo(u-)
└──ch2 └──ch2
│┌<<───┐ │
┌─oc.<<──nh4(u+) h2o ch─nh3(u+)
│ └coo(u-) └coo(u-)
└<<──nadph+h(u+) nadph
----[glu.make].end----

-------[gln.make].start-------
glu.+atp+mg(u2+) ------>gln.
[glutamine synthetase]=gs
o┬2┌─>───┐┌mg(u2+) ┌mg(u2+)
ch2─c─o(u-) atp───┐ ch2─co adp+pi
└ch2│ ┌─>>─┘ └ch2└──nh2
│ └───<<──nh4(u+) │
ch─nh3(u+) ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)
gs.=e.coli
gs=52kd(468.amino.mn(u2+)*2)*12=600kd
=14.3nm=protein.(e.coli)
feedback inhibitor(9)=gly. ala. ser.his. trp. ctp amp
karbamoilinsan,glucosamin6insan=fi
1.fi=11%
-------[gln.make].end-------

---[2glu.make].start--------
┌alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)
└ + rr1 +gln.-------->glu. + glu.
rr1=nadh(yeast)=nadph(e.coli)=feredoxin(plant)
[glutamate synthase]=gogat=800kd=fe4s4.fad.fmn

┌<<─┐ nadph+h(u+)───┐ nadp
ch2─co┌─┼─<──┘ch2─coo(u-)│ ch2─co ch2─coo(u-)
└ch2└nh2└───┐ └─ch2 │ └ch2└o(u-) └─ch2
│ └─┴>>─┐│ 2│ │ │ │
ch─nh3(u+)│└─o┴c<───────┘ ch─nh3(u+) ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └───┘└coo(u-) └coo(u-) └coo(u-)
---[2glu.make].end----

-----[pro.make].start-----
glu.+atp+nadph+h(u+)-->
[xxxase]
pr1.
o┬2┌─>───┐
ch2─c─o(u-) atp───┐
└ch2│ ┌──>─┘
│ └──<─nadph+h(u+)
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
o┬2
ch2─c atp+pi
└ch2│
│ └h nadph
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr3.
2┬o─>┬>h2o
ch2─c─<┐│
└ch2└h ││
│ ┌>─┘│
│ │┌>>┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr4.
┌──┐ h2o
ch2─c─┐└──<─┐
└ch2└h│ nadph+h(u+)
│ ┌2┘ │
│ │┌─<──┘
ch─nh(u+)
└coo(u-)

pr5.
pro.=proline
ch2──ch2
└ch2│ nadph
│ │
ch─nh2(u+)
└coo(u-)
-----[pro.make].end-----

-----[arg.make].start-----

j10-->
glu.+ acetyl─coa
[xxxase]
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2┌────>>─────┐
│ │┌───>──────┼──┐
ch─nh3(u+) ch3─co─s─coa
└coo(u-)

j11-->
[n-acetylglu.] + coa + atp
[xxxase]
o┬2┌────>───┐
ch2─c─o(u-) atp
└ch2 ┌────>────┘
│ ┌┼──────────┐
ch─nh2(u+) ch3─co hs─coa
└coo(u-)

j12-->
[n-acetylglu.-5-pi]
[xxxase]
o┬2┌┬──<<──nad(p)h+h(u+)
ch2─c──pi adp
└ch2
│ ┌───────┐
ch─nh ch3─co
└coo(u-)

j13-->
[n-acetylglu.-5-semial.]
o┬2 nad(p)(u+)
ch2─c─h pi
└ch2
│ ┌───────┐
ch─nh ch3─co
└coo(u-)

j14-->
[n-acetylglu.-5-semial.]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
┌────<────┐ o┬2
2┬o───>────┼─┐ ch2─c─o(u-)
ch2─c─h │ │ └ch2
└ch2└─<<──────┼─┼─<<─┼──┐
│ ┌───────┐ └─┼─<──┼┐ │
ch─nh ch3─co └───>ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)

j15-->
[n-acetylornitin] + keto.
[xxxase]
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-)
ch2─ch2─nh3(u+) └ch2
└ch2 │
│ ┌───────┐ │
ch─nh ch3─co co
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)

j16-->
[n-acetylornitin]
[xxxase]

ch2─ch2─nh3(u+)
└ch2 ┌─<<────┬┬┐
│ ┌───────┐ │││
ch─nh ch3─co hoh
└coo(u-)

j17-->
[ornitin]+ cytosol
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh3(u+)
└ch2
│
ch─nh3(u+) ch3─coo(u-)
└coo(u-)

j18-->
[ornitin]+ mito.
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh3(u+)
└ch2
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j19-->
[ornitin]+ carbamoyl-pi
[c│n vervindung]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh3(u+)
└ch2 │└──>──────────┐
│ └───<<───────┐ │
ch─nh3(u+) h2n─co─pi
└coo(u-)

j20-->
[sitrulin]+[mito.]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh2(u+)
└ch2 │
│ └────────┐
ch─nh3(u+) h2n─co pi
└coo(u-)
j21-->
[sitrulin]+[cytosol]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh2(u+)
└ch2 │
│ └────────┐
ch─nh3(u+) h2n─co
└coo(u-)
j22-->
[sitrulin]+atp
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh2(u+)
└ch2 │└───────>────┐
│ └────────┐ atp
ch─nh3(u+) h2n─co │
└coo(u-) └─>>┘
j23-->
[sitrulil-amp]+[asp.]
[xxxase]
┌───<<────┐
ch2─ch2─nh ┌─┼───<<───nh3(u+)
└ch2 │ │ │ │
│ └─────┐│ │ ch─coo(u-)
ch─nh3(u+) ┌c─amp ppi │
└coo(u-) 2┴─nh2(u+) h2c─coo(u-)
j24-->
[arginosucinate]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh ┌──────────nh
└ch2 │ │ ┌>│
│ └─────┐│ │ ch─coo(u-)
ch─nh3(u+) ┌c┘ amp │ │
└coo(u-) 2┴─nh2(u+) h2c─coo(u-)
j25-->
[arginine]+[fumarate]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh ┌─nh2
└ch2 │ │
│ └─────┐│ ch─coo(u-)
ch─nh3(u+) ┌c┘ ├2
└coo(u-) 2┴─nh2(u+) ch─coo(u-)

j26-->
[arg.]=[arginine]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2─nh ┌─nh2
└ch2 │ │
│ └─────┐│
ch─nh3(u+) ┌c┘
└coo(u-) 2┴─nh2(u+)

-----[arg.make].end-----

---[asp.make].start---
glu.[nh.donor]
keto=alpha ketoglutartate(=c5)
glu. + oxaloacetate(=c4)-->keto + asp.
[asparagine synthetase]
ch2─coo(u-) ch2─coo(u-)
└─ch2 ┌──────>──┐ └─ch2 nh3(u+)
│ ┌─┼──────>──┼┐ │ │
│┌┼─┼───<<──o┬c.─coo(u-) │ ch─coo(u-)
└ch─nh3(u+) 2│ └co │
└coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-) └coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)

---[asp.make].end---

---[asn.make].start----;=[asparagin]
pr1.
asp. + atp
h2c─c─o(u-)
│2┴o└─>───┐
│ atp<─────┐
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) │
pr2. │
asp.─amp+ppi │
h2c─c─o(u-) │
│2┴o└─amp + ppi │
│ │
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) │
│
pr3. ┌─────┘
asp.─amp+gln.│
│
┌─<────h2o─>─┐
┌─┼─────<<─────┼──┐
h2c─c─o(u-) ch2─co │
│2┴o└─amp └ch2└──nh2
│ │
hc─nh3(u+) ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)
pr4.
asn. + glu.

h2c─c─nh2 ch2─co
│2┴o amp └ch2└o(u-)
│ │
hc─nh3(u+) ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)

---[asn.make].end----;=[asparagin]

-------[asn.make].start------- ;bagteria
asp.+atp+mg(u2+) ------>asn.
[asparagine synthetase]
o┬2┌─>───┐┌mg(u2+) ┌mg(u2+)
ch2─c─o(u-) atp───┐ ch2─co adp+pi
└┐ │ ┌─>>─┘ └┐ └──nh2
│ └───<<──nh4(u+) │
ch─nh3(u+) ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)
-------[asn.make].end---

-------[thr.make].start----- ;e.coli
pr1.
[asparatokinase1,2,3]
asp+atp
h2c─c─o(u-)
│2┴o└─>───┐
│ atp
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
aspartyl-beta-phosphate
┌─┬──<<─nadph+h(u+)
h2c─c─pi adp
│2┴o
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr3.
beta-aspartyl-semialdehyde
┌h nadp(u+)
h2c─c pi
│2┴o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

pr4.
beta-aspartyl-semialdehyde
[homoserine dehydrogenase]
┌h nadph+h(u+)
h2c─c─────<──┘ │
│2┴o────<────┘
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr5.
[homoserine]
┌h nadp(u+)
h2c─c─h
│ └─oh atp
│ └┴─>>───┘
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr6.
[phosphohomoserine]
┌───<<─┬┐
┌>┼─┐ hoh
h2c─ch2 │
│ └─pi<──┘ adp
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr7.
[thr.]=threonine
┌oh
hc─ch3
│ pi
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------[thr.make].end----- ;e.coli
-------[ile.make].start------ ;e.coli

j10-->
[thr.]=threonine
[threonine deaminase]<--[feedback inhibitor]=ile.
┌─>──┐
┌>─┌oh─>─┼┐
│ hc─ch3 ││
└<┐│ ┌─┘│
hc─────nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j11-->
[alpa-ketobutirsan]
┌ch3
ch2
│
c─2─o nh4(u+)
└coo(u-)

j12-->
[hydroxyethyl tpp]+[alpa-ketobutirsan]
[xxxase]
┌ch3
┌<┐│ ┌──>──────┐
│ hc─oh ch3 │
└>┐│──<─┐ └ch2 │
┌──c───┐│ │ │
│tpp.. │└─<─co─<┘
└──────┘ └coo(u-)
j13-->
[alpa-aceto-alpa-hydroxybutirsan]+tpp
[xxxase]
┌ch3
│
co ch3
└────┐ └ch2
┌──ch──┐│ │
│tpp.. │└───coh
└──────┘ └coo(u-)
j14-->
[alpa-aceto-alpa-hydroxybutirsan]
+ nadph+h(u+)
[c│c vervindung]
[xxxase]
┌ch3 nadph+h(u+)
│ │ ch3 │
┌─co<────┘ │ │
└>┼───>─>──ch2 │
│ │<──┘
└────────coh
└coo(u-)
j15-->
[xxxxxxxx]
[─3─co'h│─h'coh' -->h2o]
[xxxase]
┌ch3 nadp(u+)
│ ch3
┌─coh │
└─┼┼───────ch2
││ ┌h───>───┐
└┼───────coh──>───┤
│ └coo(u-) │
└────────────>───┴─>>h2o
j16-->
[xxxxxxxx]
┌ch3
│ ch3
┌─ch │
└─┼────ch2
│
└────co
└coo(u-)
h2o
j17-->
[xxxxxxxx]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch3
│ ch3 o┬2
┌─ch │ ch2─c─o(u-)
└─┼────ch2 └ch2
│ ┌──<<────┼┬─┬─┐
└────co──────>ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)
j18-->
[ile]=[isoleucine]+ keto.
[xxxase]
┌ch3
│ ch3 o┬2
┌─ch │ ch2─c─o(u-)
└─┼────ch2 └ch2
│ ┌h │
└────c─nh3(u+) co
└coo(u-) └coo(u-)
j19-->
[ile]=[isoleucine]
┌ch3
hc─ch2─ch3
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

-------[ile.make].end------ ;e.coli

-------[met.make].start--- ;e.coli
pr1.
[homoserine]+[succinyl─coa]
[homoserine acyltransferase]
┌─>───────┐
┌h │ 2┬o│
h2c─c─h│ ┌───c─s─(coa)
│ └─oh │ │
│ └<───┘ h2c
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)
pr2.
o-succinylhomoserine

┌h 2┬o
h2c─c─h ┌─────c hs─(coa)
│ └─o─┘ │
│ h2c
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)
pr3.
o-succinylhomoserine+cys.
┌──<<───────────┐
│ 2┬o hs─ch2
h2c─ch2 ┌─────c │ │
│ └─o─┘ ┌───┼──<─┘ hc─nh3(u+)
│ └<──┘ h2c └coo(u-)
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)
pr4.
cystathionine + succinate

┌─────┐ 2┬o
h2c─ch2 s─ch2 coh
│ │ │
│ hc─nh3(u+) h2c
hc─nh3(u+) └coo(u-) │
└coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)
pr5.
cystathionine

┌>─┐ ┌<─hoh─>┐
h2c─ch2│ s─ch2 │ │
│ └──┼──┘ │┌<─┘┌<─┘
│ └───hc.───nh3(u+)
hc─nh3(u+) └coo(u-)
└coo(u-)
pr6.
[homocysteine]+pyruvate+nh4(u+)

h2c─ch2 ch3
│ └sh │
│ co nh4(u+)
hc─nh3(u+) └coo(u-)
└coo(u-)
pr7.
thf=tetrahydrofolate ;stryer.611,garret.523
[homocysteine]
[ch3.donor]
[thf.donor.ch3]

h2c─ch2 ┌─<<──────┐
│ └───sh───>──┐ │
│ ┌5'n─ch3┐
hc─nh3(u+) │ thf.. │
└coo(u-) └───────┘

pr8.
[met.]=methionine
h2c─ch2
│ └s─ch3
│ ┌5'n─h──┐
hc─nh3(u+) │ thf.. │
└coo(u-) └───────┘
-------[met.make].end--- ;e.coli

-------[lys.make].start--- ;e.coli
;garret.896
pr1.
┌[beta-aspartyl-semialdehyde]
└ + pyruvate
[xxxase ]
[c│c vervindung]
┌h
h2c─c──<<─ch3─co─coo(u-)
│2┴o──<──┘
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
[xxxx]
[xxxase ]
┌h
h2c─c──ch2─co─coo(u-)
│ └oh │ ││
│ └┴─┴──┼┼────>h2o
│ ┌─>>───┘└>─┐
│ │┌──>>─────┴─>h2o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr3.
[2,3-dihydropicolate]
[xxxase ]
┌──┬<<─nadph+h(u+)
h2c─ch┬ch──c─coo(u-)
│ 2 │
│ ┌───2──┘ h2o
│ │┌─────┐ h2o
hc─nh(u+) └────>[r10r]
└coo(u-)
pr4.
[piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylate]
+ [succinyl─coa]+h2o
[xxxase ]
nadp(u+)┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─c──<────────┐
│ │ ┌──<─────hoh
│ ┌───2───┘ │ 2┬o┌─<─┘
│ │ ┌┘┌─<─c─s─(coa)
hc─n──<<────┴─┘ │
└coo(u-) h2c┐
h2c─coo(u-)
pr5.
[n-succinyl-2-amino-6-keto-l-pimeolsan]
┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─c─2─o
│
│ 2┬o
│ ┌─c hs─(coa)
hc─nh─────┘ │
└coo(u-) h2c┐ ==>succinyl
h2c─coo(u-)
pr6.
[n-succinyl-2-amino-6-keto-l-pimeolsan]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase ]
┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─c─2─o glu.
│ └<──┼─┐ o┬2
│ 2┬o │ │ ch2─c─o(u-)
│ ┌─c │ │ └ch2
hc─nh─────┘ │ │ └──<<───┼┬─┬─┐
└coo(u-) h2c┐ └─────>───ch─nh3(u+)
h2c─coo(u-) └coo(u-)
pr7.
[-diaminopimeolsan1]
+ keto.+h2o
[xxxase ]
┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─c─h keto.
│ ┌<─┬┐ └nh3(u+) o┬2
│ │ h2o─>─┐ ch2─c─o(u-)
│ │ ┌─c┬o └ch2
hc─nh─────┘ │2 │
└coo(u-) h2c┐ co
h2c─coo(u-) └coo(u-)
pr8.
[-diaminopimeolsan2]
+ [succinate]
[xxxase ]
┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─c─h
│ └nh3(u+)
│ ┌o(u-)
│ c┬o
hc─nh3 │2
└coo(u-) h2c┐
h2c─coo(u-)
pr9.
[-diaminopimeolsan2] + h(u+)
[xxxase ]
co2──<<─┬─┐
[r10r]──>┐┌coo(u-)
h2c─ch2─ch2─.c─h
│ └nh3(u+)
hc─nh3
└coo(u-)

pr10.
[lys.]=lysine
co2
h2c─ch2─ch2─ch2
│ └nh3(u+)
hc─nh3
└coo(u-)
-------[lys.make].end--- ;e.coli
----[lys.machen.yuglena].start----
;garret.893

j10-->
[keto.]+[acetyl─coa]
[c│c vervindung]
[xxxase]
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-) ┌┬>┐
└ch2 hoh│
┌─┼────<────┐ └┼─>┐
└>c─2─o<──┐ ch3─co─s─coa
└coo(u-)└──┘
;----------------
j11-->
[homocitrsan]
[ho│h exchg]
pr1.
[xxxase]
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2
┌─┼───────┐
└─c─oh ch2─cooh hs─coa
│ └┴─────┴──>>h2o
└coo(u-)
jxx-->
[cis-homoaconitsan]
pr2.
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-) hoh
└ch2 ┌────<───┘││
┌─┼───┘┌───<────┴┘
└>c──2─ch─cooh
│ h2o
└coo(u-)
;----------------
j12-->
[homoisocitrsan]
[xxxase]
ch2─coo(u-)
└ch2┌>─┬─>>──nad(u+)
│ │┌oh
hc──hc─cooh
│<───────┘
└coo(u-)
└┴┴─────>co2
j13-->
[alpa-ketoadipsan]
[xxxase]
ch2─coo(u-)
└ch2 nadh+h(u+)
│ 2┬o
ch2──c─coo(u-)
co2

j14-->
[alpa-ketoadipsan]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
ch2─coo(u-) o┬2
└ch2 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ 2┬o───>──┐└ch2
ch2──c──<<───┼─┼┬─┬─┐
└coo(u-)└>ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j15-->
[alpa-aminoadipsan]+[keto.]
[xxxase]
ch2─coo(u-) o┬2
└ch2 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ └ch2
ch2──ch─nh3 │
└coo(u-) co
└coo(u-)

j16-->
[alpa-aminoadipsan]
[coo(u-)-->cho]
[xxxase]
ch2─c────o(u-) atp[mg(u2+)]
└ch2└2─o └────>──┘│
│ [r15r]──>─┘
ch2──ch─nh3
└coo(u-)
j17-->
[6-adenyl-alpa-aminoadipsan]
[xxxase]
ch2─c─────amp[mg(u2+)] ppi
└ch2└2─o│ └─<──nadph+h(u+)
│ └───<────────┘
ch2──ch─nh3
└coo(u-)
j18-->
[xxxxx]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch amp[mg(u2+)]
└ch2└2─o nadp(u+)
│
ch2──ch─nh3
└coo(u-)

j19-->
[xxxxx]+[glu.]
[xxxase]
┌──<────┐ ┌─>[r15r]
ch2─ch nadph+h(u+)
└ch2└2─o
│ │└──>─┬─>>h2o
ch2 └─<──┐│
└─ch─nh3 ││
└coo(u-)││
││
ch2─coo(u-)││
└ch2┌──>───┘│
│ │┌─>>───┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j20-->
[sacaropin]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2 nadp(u+)
└ch2└─┐
│ │ h2o
ch2 └────┐
└─ch─nh3 │
└coo(u-)│
│
ch2─coo(u-)│
└ch2┌──────┘
│┌─┼───>────┐
┌ch─nh │
││ └─<───┐ │
│└coo(u-) │ │
│ hoh─>─┘ │
└─<─┼┘ nad(u+)
└───>────┘

j21-->
[lysine]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2
└ch2└─nh2
│
ch2
└─ch─nh3
└coo(u-)

ch2─coo(u-)
└ch2
│
co
└coo(u-)
nadh+h(u+)

j22-->
[lysine]
[xxxase]
ch2─ch2
└ch2└─nh3(u+)
│
ch2
└─ch─nh3
└coo(u-)
----[lys.machen.yuglena].end----

-------[ser.make].start---

pr1.
[3phosphoglycerate]=3pg

ch2opo3(u2-)
┌┼─┬──>>─┐
hcoh nad(u+)
2│
o┴c─o(u-)
pr2.
[3phosphohydroxypruvate]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
ch2opo3(u2-) o┬2
│ nadh+h(u+) ch2─c─o(u-)
┌>co──────┐(u+) └ch2
└─┼──<<───┼──<<─────┼┬─┬─┐
o┬c─o(u-) └────>────ch─nh3(u+)
└2 └coo(u-)
pr3.
[3phosphoserin] + keto.
└─<<──hoh
[xxxase]
┌────<<──┐
ch2opo3(u2-) │ o┬2
│ └──<───hoh│ ch2─c─o(u-)
hc─nh3(u+) └┴┘ └ch2
│ │ ==>keto.
o┬c─o(u-) co
└2 └coo(u-)
pr4.
[ser.]=serine
ch2─oh pi
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------[ser.make].end---

-------[gly.make].start---
;garret.903
pr1.
[ser.]+thf.
[thf.nehmen.ch2]
[xxxase]
┌─┬──>>────────┬──>───┐
│ │ ┌┬─────────┼──────┼>──┬>h2o
ch2─oh ┌─<─<┼─┐ │ ┌>┘
│┌─<──────┘ ┌5'n─h─10'n─h┐
hc.─nh3(u+) │ thf.. │
└coo(u-) └────────────┘
pr2.
[ser.]+thf.[methylen]
h h2o ┌─ch2──┐
│ ┌5'n ──10'n ─┐
hc.─nh3(u+) │ thf.. │
└coo(u-) └────────────┘
-------[gly.make].end---
-------[gly.make].start.extra---
;garret.903
pr1.
[glycine oxidase]
┌─co2 nh4(u+) nadh+h(u+)
│ ┌─┬<<─┘ ┌─<─┘ └─>───┐
│ ┌─┬─┼─┼──<<──┼───┬─┐ │
│ ch2─nh3(u+) │ ┌─ch2──┐<─┘
│ └coo(u-) ┌5'n ──10'n ─┐
└>>┴───┘ │ thf.. │
└────────────┘
pr2.
[gly.]
nad(u+)
ch2─nh3(u+) ┌h h┐
└coo(u-) ┌5'n ──10'n ─┐
│ thf.. │
└────────────┘
-------[gly.make].end.extra---

-------[cys.make].start-----;bagteria,plant
pr1.
[ser.]=serine + acetyl─coa
┌──>───────┐
ch2─oh ch3─co─s─coa
│ └───>>───┘
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
[o-acetylserine]
┌───<───────┐
┌───┼───<<────┬┐│
ch2─o ch3─co hsh hs─coa
│ └──────┘
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr3.
[cys.]
┌─sh h(u+)─┐
ch2 ch3─coo(u-)
│
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------[cys.make].end-----
-------[cys.make].start.extra----;bagteria

pr1.
[ser.]=serine + h2s
┌───<<───┬┐
ch2─oh hsh...plp.enzym.
│ └┴──>>─┴──h2o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
[cys.]
┌──sh
ch2 plp.enzym.
│ h2o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------[cys.make].end.extra----;bagteria

-------[ala.make].start-----
pr1.
glu.[nh.donor]
[pyruvate] glu.
o┬2
ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
┌┼──<<────┐└ch2
└co─>>───┐└─┼┬─┬─┐
└coo(u-)└──ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
pr2.
[pyruvate] keto.
o┬2
ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ └ch2
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) co
└coo(u-)
-------[ala.make].end-----

-------[val.make].start-----;e.coli
;garet.900
tpp=stryer.402
pr1.
[pyruvate] + tpp + h(u+)
[xxxase]
┌───────┐
ch3 ┌─┼─────┐ │
┌┼──>>─┘ │ ┌──c─h─┐
└co──<───┘ │tpp.. │
└coo(u-) └──────┘
│└┴┴─────co2
└─<────h(u+)
pr2.
[hydroxyethyl tpp]+[pyruvate]
[xxxase]<--[feedback inhibitor]=val.
┌ch3 co2
┌<┐│ ┌──>─────┐
│ hc.oh ch3 │
└>┐│└─<─┐ │ │
┌──c───┐└<─co─<┘
│tpp.. │ └coo(u-)
└──────┘
pr3.
[alpa acetolactate] + tpp
┌ch3
│┌2
c┴o ch3
└──────┐│
┌──ch──┐ └coh
│tpp.. │ └coo(u-)
└──────┘
pr4.
[alpa acetolactate] + nadph+h(u+)
[xxxase]
[c│c vervindung]
┌─<───────nadph+h(u+)
│ ┌ch3 │
│2│ ┌─<┘
o┴c──>───>ch3│
└──────┐│<─┘
└coh
└coo(u-)
pr5.
[dihydroxy-isovalerate]
nadp(u+)
h ┌ch3
│ │
o─c───────ch3
└──────┐┌h
└coh
└coo(u-)
pr6.
[dihydroxy-isovalerate]
[xxxase]
┌ch3
┌┼───>─────┬─h2o
hoc──ch3 │
│ ┌h─>─┤
└────coh─>┘
└coo(u-)
pr7.
[alpa-ketoisovalerate]
[xxxase]
┌ch3
│ h2o
hc────ch3
└───┐ 2
└c┴o
└coo(u-)
pr8.
[alpa-ketoisovalerate]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch3 o┬2
hc─ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
│2 └ch2
┌>c┴o─>───┐┌─┼┬─┬─┐
│ └coo(u-)└┼>ch─nh3(u+)
└───<<─────┘ └coo(u-)
pr9.
[val.] + keto.
[xxxase]
┌ch3 o┬2
hc─ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ └ch2
hc─nh3(u+) │
└coo(u-) co
└coo(u-)
-------[val.make].end-----;e.coli

-------[leu.make].start-----;e.coli
pr1.
[alpa-ketoisovalerate]+acetyl─coa
[xxxase]<--[feedback inhibitor]=leu.
[c│c vervindung]
┌ch3 hoh──>──┐
│ └┴─>>┐ │
hc─ch3┌─<<──┐ │ │
│ │2 ch3─co─s─coa
└────c┴o─<──┘
└coo(u-)
pr2.
[alpa-isopropylmalate]
┌ch3
│
hc─ch3
│ ┌───ch2─cooh hs─coa
└────c─oh └──>[r11r]
└coo(u-)
pr3.
[alpa-isopropylmalate]
[xxxase]
[ho│h exchg]
┌ch3 ┌┬──┬─>exchg.
hc─ch3 ││ │
│ ┌─┼┼─ch─coo(u-)
└────c─oh └h
└coo(u-)
pr4.
[beta-isopropylmalate]
[xxxase]
┌ch3 ┌──>───┐
hc─ch3 ┌oh nad(u+)
│ │ │
│ ┌───c─coo(u-) │
└────c─h └h───>────┘
[r11r] └coo(u-)
└─>────┘└┴┴────>>co2
pr5.
[alpa-ketoisocaproat]
[xxxase]
┌ch3
hc─ch3 nadh+h(u+)
│ 2┬o
│ ┌───c─coo(u-)
└────c─h
└h co2
pr6.
[alpa-ketoisocaproate]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch3 o┬2
hc─ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ ┌─<<──────┐ └ch2
│ ┌───c─coo(u-) └─<─┼┬─┬─┐
└─ch 2┴o──>────────>ch─nh3(u+)
└h └coo(u-)
pr7.
[leu.] + keto.
[xxxase]
┌ch3 o┬2
hc─ch3 ch2─c─o(u-)
│ ┌─nh3(u+) └ch2 ==>keto.
│ ┌───c─coo(u-) │
└─ch └h co
└h └coo(u-)
pr8.
[leu.]=leucine
┌ch3
hc─ch3
│ ┌─nh3(u+)
└─ch2─ch─coo(u-)
-------[leu.make].end-----;e.coli

-------[his.make].start-----;e.coli
;stryer.618,garret.910

[ribose 5-phosphate]+atp
;stryer.634
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h ┌─>─┐
┌ch─o─c─oh atp
│┌hh┐ │ └─>──┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
prpp=[5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h
┌ch─o─c─ppi amp
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
[prpp]+atp
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐
│ ┌h┌─<─┐ n 2 n─ribose─pppi
┌ch─o─c─ppi │ └c┴c─┘
│┌hh┐ │└─<─┐h2n─c┘ └─n
└c──c─┘ │ 2┴n─ch┴2
ho┘ └oh └──<──┘
[n1-5'-phosphoribosil-atp]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐
│ ┌h n 2 n─ribose─pppi
┌ch─o─c─┐ ppi └c┴c─┘ ┌─┬─>>─┘
│┌hh┐ │ └──┐ hn┬c┘ └─n h2o
└c──c─┘ │ 2└n─ch┴2
ho┘ └oh └─────┘
[n1-5'-phosphoribosil-amp]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐
│ ┌h ┌─>──┐n 2 n─ribose─pi ppi
┌ch─o─c─┐┌┼─>─┐│└c┴c─┘
│┌hh┐ │ │hoh hn┬c┘ └─n
└c──c─┘ │ │ 2│ │
ho┘ └oh │ └─>──└n─ch┴2
└────────┘

[xxx]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐
│ ┌h 2 n 2 n─ribose─pi
┌ch─o─c─┐ o┴─┐└c┴c─┘
│┌hh┐ │ │ h2n─c─┘ └─n
└c──c─┘ │ hn─ch┴2
ho┘ └oh └────────┘
[xxx]+gln.
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐
│ ┌>┐┌h 2 n 2 n─ribose─pi
┌ch┼o─c┐ o┴─┐└c┴c─┘
│┌hh┐ ││ h2n─c─┘ └─n
└c──c─┘│ hn─ch┴2
ho┘ ┌└oh└─────────┘ │ │
┌─<┼─┴┘ │ │
ch2─co └─<──┬───>──────┘ │
└ch2└──nh2──┼>>──────────┘
│ └─>──┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
a1=imidasol-glyserolinsan
a2=5-aminoimidasol-4-karbogsamid-ribonyukleotid
[xxx]+glu.+a1+a2
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-) 2┬─ch─┐ ==>a2-->[purin.syn.]
│ ┌h 2 n 2 n─ribose─pi
┌ch─oh c┐ o┴─┐└c┴c─┘
│┌h ││ h2n─c─┘ └─nh2
└c──c─2┘│ hn─ch
ho┘ │ └────────┘ │
┌oh │ │ ==>a1
ch2─co └─────n────2───┘
└ch2
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

[imidasol-glyserolinsan]
[xxxase]
[hco'h│h'coh' -->h2o]
;;[hcoh│hcoh -->h2o]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch
c──n─2┘
└ch─oh
│ ┌┴─┬──>>h2o
└ch─oh
└ch2─pi
[imidasol-acetolinsan]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch o┬2
c──n─2┘ ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2 h2o └ch2
│ ┌─<<──────┼┬─┬─┐
└c─2─o────>>ch─nh3(u+)
└ch2─pi └coo(u-)
[l-histidinol insan] + keto.
[xxxase]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch o┬2
c──n─2┘ ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2 └ch2
│ │
└ch─nh3(u+) co
└ch2─pi └coo(u-)

[l-histidinol insan]
[ch2─pi -->coo(u-)]
[xxxase]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch
c──n─2┘
└ch2
└ch─nh3(u+)
└ch2─pi<<───h2o

[l-histidinol]
[xxxase]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch
c──n─2┘
└ch2
└ch─nh3(u+)
│┌───┬──>>nad(u+)
h─ch──oh pi hoh
└─<<────────┴┘
[histidine]
[xxxase]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch
c──n─2┘
└ch2
└ch─nh3(u+)
│2 nadh+h(u+)
c┴─o h(u+)
└oh
[his.]
ch─nh─┐
├2 ch
c──n─2┘
└ch2
└ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------[his.make].end-----;e.coli
-------[phe.make].start-----;e.coli
[korismsan]=[chorismate]
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-)
│┌─<─────┐
ch─c─┬ch │
├2 2│ 2┬ch2
ch─ch─c──o─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └h

[prephenate]=[prepensan]
[xxxase]
┌┬┬─────>>co2
┌coo(u-)
│┌───────┐
ch─c┼─ch │
├2 └┘ ├2 ┌ch2
ch─ch─c o┬c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └h 2
└┴─────>oh(u-)

[phenylpyruvate]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
co2
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─ch┬ch o┬c─coo(u-)
2 │2└┐
oh(u-) │ │
┌──<─────┘ │
│ o┬2 │
│ch2─c─o(u-)│
│└ch2 │
│ │┌─┬─┬─>>─┘
└─ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

[phenylalanine] + keto.
[xxxase]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─ch┬ch hc─coo(u-)
2 └nh3(u+)
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2
│
co
└coo(u-)
[phe.]=[phenylalanine]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─ch┬ch hc─coo(u-)
2 └nh3(u+)
-------[phe.make].end-----;e.coli
-------[tyr.make].start-----;e.coli

[prephenate]=[prepensan]
[xxxase]
┌┬┬─────>>co2
┌coo(u-)
│┌───────┐
ch─c┼─ch │
├2 └┘ ├2 ┌ch2
ch─ch─c o┬c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └h 2
└─>nad(u+)

[4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate]
+ glu.[nh.donor]
[xxxase]
co2
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─c─┬ch o┬c─coo(u-)
oh┘ 2 │2└┐
nadh │ │
┌──<─────┘ │
│ o┬2 │
│ch2─c─o(u-)│
│└ch2 │
│ │┌─┬─┬─>>─┘
└─ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

[tyrosine] + keto.
[xxxase]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─c─┬ch hc─coo(u-)
oh┘ 2 └nh3(u+)
o┬2
ch2─c─o(u-)
└ch2
│
co
└coo(u-)
[tyr.]=[tyrosine]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─ch┬ch hc─coo(u-)
2 └nh3(u+)
-------[tyr.make].end-----;e.coli
-------[tyr.make.animal].start----
[tetrahydrobiopterin]
┌nh2
c┬─n──c─nh──ch2
│└2 2┤ │
nh─co─c─nh──ch─choh─choh─ch3
[dihydrobiopterin]
┌nh2
c┬─n──c─n───ch
│└2 2┤ │
nh─co─c─nh──ch─choh─choh─ch3

pr1.
[ch-->coh]
[xxxase]
[phe.]=[phenylalanine]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─c─┬ch hc─coo(u-)
h─┘ 2 └nh3(u+)
└──<<───[o(u2-)───┐
┌─>──┬─>>h2o │
┌───nh───ch2─────────┐
│tetrahydrobiopterin │
└────────────────────┘
o2─>>─┘ └─<<──nadph+h(u+)

pr2.
[tyr.]=[tyrosine]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─c─┬ch hc─coo(u-)
ho┘ 2 └nh3(u+)

2 h2o
┌───n─┴──ch──────────┐
│ dihydrobiopterin │
└────────────────────┘
nadp(u+)

[tyr.]=[tyrosine]
┌────────┐
ch─c┬─ch │
├2 2 │ ┌ch2
ch─c─┬ch hc─coo(u-)
ho┘ 2 └nh3(u+)
-------[tyr.make.animal].end----
-------[trp.make].start-----;e.coli
[korismsan]=[chorismate]
j10-->
[korismsan]+gln.
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-)
│ ┌──<<─────────┐
ch─c─┬c─h─>─┐ │
├2 2│ 2┬ch2 │
ch─ch─c──o─c─coo(u-)│
ho┘ └h└──<<─[x] │
└┴─>>─┐ │
┌──┘ │
ch2─co │
└ch2└──nh2 │
│ └─>>─────────┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
j11-->
[antranilsan]+[pyruvate]+glu.
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-)
│
ch─c─┬c─nh2
├2 2│ ┌ch3
ch─ch┬ch o┬c─coo(u-)
2 └2

┌oh
ch2─co
└ch2
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
j12-->
[antranilsan]+[prpp]
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ │ ┌h
ch─c─┬c─nh2 ┌ch─o─c─ppi
├2 2│ ││ │┌hh┐ │││
ch─ch┬ch││ └c──c─┘││
2 ││ ho┘ └oh││
└┼>>──────────┘│
└─>───────────┘
j13-->
[n-antranilsan]
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ │ ┌h
ch─c─┬c─nh ┌ch─o─c┐ppi
├2 2│ │ │┌hh┐ ││
ch─ch┬ch│ └c──c─┘│
2 │ ho┘ └oh│
└─────────────┘
j14-->
[n-antranilsan]
[xxxase]
┌coo(u-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ │ ┌h
ch─c─┬c─nh ┌ch─o─c┐ppi
├2 2│ │ │┌hh┐ ││
ch─ch┬ch│ └c──c─┘│
2 │ ho┘ └oh│
└─────────────┘

----------[indol-3-glyserol-pi].a.start----
┌coo(u-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│└┴┴──>>co2 │ ┌>┐
│<──┐ │ │┌┘┌─h
ch─c─┬c┼nh ┌ch┼o─c┐┌─h(u+)
├2 2│││ │┌hh┐ │││
ch─ch┬ch│ └c──c─┘││
2│ │ ho┘ ┌└oh││
│ └─────────┼─┼┼┘└──┐
└─────>>────┘ └┴─>>┐│
└┴>>h2o

┌ch2opo3(u2-)
h co2 │
│ │ h┐ ┌h
ch─c─┬c─nh ┌ch─o c┐
├2 2│ │ │┌h ││
ch─ch┬c │ └c──c─┘│
2│ │ ho┘ │ │
│ └──────────┼──┘
└────────────┘
h2o
----------[indol-3-glyserol-pi].a.end --

----------[indol-3-glyserol-pi].b.start----
┌coo(u-) ┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│└┴┴──>>co2 │ ┌>┐
│──<<──┐ │ │┌┘┌─h
ch─c─┬c─nh│ ┌ch┼o─c┐┌─h(u+)
├2 2│ │ │ │┌hh┐ │││
ch─ch┬ch│ │ └c──c─┘││
2 │ │ ho┘ ┌└oh││
└─┼───────┼─┼┼┘└──┐
└───<<──┘ └┴─>>┐│
└┴>>h2o

┌ch2opo3(u2-)
co2 │
┌──────┐ │ h┐ ┌─h
ch─c─┬c─nh│ ┌ch─o─c┐
├2 2│ │ │ │┌h ││
ch─ch┬ch│ │ └c──c─┘│
2 │ │ ho┘ │ │
└─┼────────┼──┘
└────────┘
h2o
----------[indol-3-glyserol-pi].b.end --
[indol-3-glyserol-pi]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
h │
│ │ h┐ ┌h
ch┬c──c─nh ┌ch─o c┐
│ 2 2┤ │ │┌h ││
ch┬ch─c │ └c──c─┘│
2 │ │ ho┘ ││ │
│ │ └─>─┘│ │
│ └──────────┼──┘
└────────────┘
[indol-3-glyserol-pi]+[g3p]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
h │
│ │ h┐ ┌h
ch┬c──c─nh ┌ch─o c┐
│ 2 2┤ │ │┌h ││
ch┬ch─c │ └c hc─┘│
2 │ │ o┴2 │ │
│ └──────────┼──┘
└────────────┘

[indol]+[ser.]
h
│
ch┬c──c─nh─ch
│ 2 2┤ 2┤
ch┬ch─c────ch
2 ││
┌─<<──┘│
ch2─oh └>─┐
│ └┴──>>───┴─>>h2o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

[trp.]
h
│
ch┬c──c─nh─ch
│ 2 2┤ 2┤
ch┬ch─c────c
2 │
┌────────┘
ch2
│ h2o
hc─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)


-------[trp.make].end-----;e.coli

--------[amino.synth].end-------
--------[nucleotide.synth].start---
[electron transfer]
[thf.donor.cho]
[thf.donor.ch2]
[ring.c│n]
[biotin.c│co2]
asp.[nh2.donor]
┌──[purin.]
├─[imp.make]
├─[amp.make] [adp.make]
└─[gmp.make] [gtp.make]
┌──[pirmidin.]
├─[ump.make] [utp.make]
└─[ctp.make] [cdp.make]
┌──[deoxyribonucleotides]
├─[dndp.make]
└─[dtmp.make]

[purin].skel.
┌─<─[asp]
│ ┌<─co2 ┌<─[gly.]=c.4.5.7
n1──c6──c5──n7──┐
│ │ c8<──thf
c2──n3──c4──n9──┘
│ └───────┴──<─[gln].nh
└─<─[thf]
-----[imp.make].start------
;stryer.634,garret.924
j10-->
[ribose 5-phosphate]+atp
[ribose 5-phosphate pyrophosphate kinase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h ┌─>─┐
┌ch─o─c─oh atp
│┌hh┐ │ └─>──┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j11-->
[prpp]=[5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate]
+ gln.
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h
┌ch─o─c─ppi amp
│┌hh┐ │││
└c──c─┘└┼┐
ho┘ └oh ││
hoh ││
┌<─┴┘└>─┘│
ch2─co │
└ch2└──nh2 │
│ └─>>──┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j12-->
[5-phosphoribosyl-1-amin]
[xxxase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h
┌ch─o─c─nh2 ppi
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
┌oh
ch2─co└──>[r18r]
└ch2
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
j13-->
[5-phosphoribosyl-1-amin]+[gly.]
[gar. ase]
┌ch2─pi
│ ┌h ch2─nh3(u+)
┌ch─o─c─nh2 └coo(u-)
│┌hh┐ │ └┼<────┘ │
└c──c─┘ └─>atp<─┘
ho┘ └oh └──<─[r18r]
j14-->
[gar]=[glycinamide ribonucleotide]
[thf.donor.cho]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi ┌──<<───┐
│ ┌h ch2─nh3(u+)─┼───>h(u+)
┌ch─o─c─nh └co └───>┌─ch─2─o
│┌hh┐ │ └───┘ ┌─10'n──┐
└c──c─┘ adp pi │[thf..]│
ho┘ └oh └───────┘

j15-->
[fgar]=[formylglycinamide ribonucleotide]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi
│ ┌h ch2─nh─ch─2─o h(u+)
┌ch─o─c─nh └co ┌─h
│┌hh┐ │ └───┘ ┌─10'n──┐
└c──c─┘ │[thf..]│
ho┘ └oh └───────┘

j16-->
[fgar]=[formylglycinamide ribonucleotide]
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi
│ ┌h ┌─ch2─nh─ch─2─o
┌ch─o─c─nh──c─2─o
│┌hh┐ │ ┌─┼─<┘
└c──c─┘ atp │
ho┘ └oh │ │
┌<<─┬┐ │ │
│ hoh │ │
└──┐ └>─┤ │
ch2─co│ ┌─>─┘ │
└ch2└──nh2 │
│ └─>>───┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j17-->
[fgam]=[formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide]
[ring.c│n]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi ┌>┐
│ ┌h ┌─ch2┼nh─ch─2─o
┌ch─o─c─nh──c─2──nh│ │ │
│┌hh┐ │ └┼─<───────┼─┘ │
└c──c─┘ │atp<<────┴────<─┘
ho┘ └oh └>─┘

ch2─co ┌───>[r19r]
└ch2└─oh
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j18-->
[air]=[5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide]
[biotin.c│co2]
[xxxase]
┌────────┐
│biotin..│<──hco3(u-)
└────────┘<────┐
└─>>────────┐│
┌ch2─pi ││
│ ┌h 2┬─ch──n─┬ch
┌ch─o─c─n───c─nh2 2│
│┌hh┐ │ └────────────┘
└c──c─┘ adp pi
ho┘ └oh

j19-->
[cair]=[carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide]
[xxxase]
┌────────┐
│biotin..│
└────────┘
coo(u-)───┐
┌ch2─pi 2┬─c4──n─┬ch
┌ch─o─ch──n───c─nh2 2│
│┌hh┐ │ └────────────┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j20-->
[cair]+[asp.]+atp
asp.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi nh2─┐ ┌─coo(u-)
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4│ │
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ │ │
└c──c─┘ ┌───────┘ │
ho┘ └oh │ ┌atp──<─┘
ch2─coo(u-) │ │
│ ┌─>>────┘ │
└ch─nh3(u+) │
│ └─>>─────┘
└coo(u-)

j21-->
[saicar]=[succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide]
[adenylosuccinase]=[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi nh2─┐ ┌─c┬o
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4│2
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ │
└c──c─┘ ┌───────┘
ho┘ └oh │ adp pi
┌─>h(u+) │
ch2─coo(u-) │
│ ┌───────┘
└ch─nh
│ └<──[r19r]
└coo(u-)

j22-->
[aicar]=[5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide]
=[5-aminoimidasol-4-karbogsamid-ribonyukleotid]
[thf.donor.cho]
[xxxase]
┌───────┐
│[thf..]│
└10'n───┘
│<─────┐
└cho │
└─>>─┐│
┌ch2─pi nh2─┐ nh2──┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4─c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
ch─coo(u-)
│ ==>[fumarate]
ch
└coo(u-)

j23-->
[faicar]=[5-formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide]
[ring.c│n]
[xxxase]
┌───────┐
│[thf..]│
└10'n───┘
└h ┌<─┐
┌─ch──2┼─o
│┌──>──┼┬┴──>>>h2o
┌ch2─pi nh──┐ nh2──┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4─c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j24-->
[imp]=[inosine monophosphate]
[xxxase]
2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─pi n───┐ nh───┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4─c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j25-->
[imp]=[inosine monophosphate]
[xxxase]

┌ch2─pi nh──co──c──n─┬2
┌ch─o─ch─┐ │ 2 2┤ ch
│┌hh┐ │ │ ch┴─n───c──n─┘
└c──c─┘ └────────────┘
ho┘ └oh

-----[imp.make].end------
-----[amp.make].start------

j10-->
[imp]=[inosine monophosphate]+[asp.]
asp.[nh2.donor]
[adenylosuccinate synthetase]

2┬─ch───┐┌──>[r20r]
┌ch2─pi n─┐ nh─┐ ┌──>──┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c4─c┬o │
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ │2┌─gtp<┘
└c──c─┘ │ │
ho┘ └oh ┌──>>────┘ │
│ ┌──>>────┘
ch2─coo(u-) │ │
│ ┌─>>────┘ │
└ch─nh3(u+) │
│ └─>>─────┘
└coo(u-)

j11-->
[adenylosuccinate]
[adenylosuccinase]
2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ n─2┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c gdp pi
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ │
└c──c─┘ │
ho┘ └oh ┌────────┘
┌─>h(u+) │
ch2─coo(u-) │
│ ┌───────┘
└ch─nh
│ └─<──[r20r]
└coo(u-)

j12-->
[amp]+[fumarate]
[xxxase]
2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ n─2┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c─nh2
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
h(u+)
ch─coo(u-)
│
└ch
│
└coo(u-)

j13-->
[amp]
[xxxase]
2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ n─2┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c─nh2
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

-----[amp.make].end------
-----[adp.make].start------
j10-->
[amp]+[atp]
[adenylate kinase]
atp<<─┐
│ 2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ n─2┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c─nh2
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
j11-->
[adp]+[adp]
[adenylate kinase]
adp
2┬─ch───┐
┌ch2─ppi n─┐ n─2┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c─nh2
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
-----[adp.make].end------
-----[gmp.make].start------

j10-->
[imp]=[inosine monophosphate]
[xxxase]
┌──────<────────┐
│ ┌──────────┼─┐
│ ┌┼────<────┐│ │
│2┬─ch───┐ hoh │
┌ch2─pi └>n─┐ nh─┐ └─>nad(u+)
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j11-->
[gln.]+[atp]+[h2o]+[xmp.]
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌────<────┐
ch2─co │ ┌<<──h2o
└ch2└──nh2 │ atp──┐
│ └─>─┐ │<──────┴eng.
ch─nh3(u+)│ │
└coo(u-) │ │
┌>─┼─>┤
│ ┌2─o
│┌─c────┐
┌ch2─pi hn─┐ nh─┐ nadh+h(u+)
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j12-->
[glu.]+[gmp.]
[xxxase]
ch2─co
└ch2└──oh amp ppi
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
┌─nh2
2┬─c────┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ nh─┐
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j13-->
[gmp.]
[xxxase]
┌─nh2
2┬─c────┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ nh─┐
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
-----[gmp.make].end------
-----[gtp.make].start------
j10-->
[gmp.]+[atp]
[guanylate kinase]
atp<<──┐ ┌─nh2
│ 2┬─c────┐
┌ch2─pi n─┐ nh─┐
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
j11-->
[gdp.]+[atp]
[nucleoside diphosphate kinase]
atp adp ┌─nh2
└─<<───┐ 2┬─c────┐
┌ch2─ppi n─┐ nh─┐
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
j12-->
[gtp.]+[adp]
[xxxase]
adp ┌─nh2
2┬─c────┐
┌ch2─pppi n─┐ nh─┐
┌ch─o─ch───n─c─2──c──c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
-----[gtp.make].end------
[gmp.]
┌─nh2
2┬─c──┐ ┌─h
┌ch2─pi n─┐ └─n─┐
┌ch─o─ch──n─c─2──c─c┬o
│┌hh┐ │ └ch─2─n┘ 2
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
----[carbamoyl-pi.make].cps-2.start---
;garret.936
h2co3+atp+[cyto.]
[cps-2]=[carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2]
pr1.
┌─┬─>>──────┐
hco3(u-) atp

pr2.
[carboxy-pi]
gln.[nh2.donor]

┌o(u-)
o─2─c───pi adp
│ └<─┐
└<─┐ │
│ hoh
┌──┼─┴┘
ch2─co │
└ch2└──nh2
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

pr3.
[carbamate]+[glu.]
┌o(u-)──>─┐
o─2─c───nh2 atp pi
│
ch2─co ┌──>───┘
└ch2└─oh
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

pr4.
[carbamoil-p]
┌pi
o─2─c───nh2 adp

ch2─co
└ch2└─o(u-)
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

pr5.
[carbamoyl-pi]=[carbamoil-p]
h2n─co─pi

----[carbamoyl-pi.make].cps-2.end---

-----[ump.make].start------
j10-->
[carbamoyl-pi.make].cps-2
[cps-2].ase
h2n─co─pi

j11-->
[carbamoyl-pi]+[asp.]
[atcase]
h2n─co─pi
└──<<─┐<┐
ch2─coo(u-) │ │
│ ┌─>>────┘ │
└ch─nh3(u+)───┼──>h(u+)
│ └─>──────┘
└coo(u-)

j12-->
[carbamoyl-asp]
[ring.c│n]
[xxxase]
┌─<<──┐
│ h2n─co pi
│ ┌>┴─>>┼──┬─>h2o
ch2─coo(u-) │ │
│ ┌───────┘ │
└ch─nh h(u+)─>┘
│
└coo(u-)

j13-->
[dho]=[dihydroorotate]
[xxxase]
┌─────┐
│ hn─co
┌─>┼──>─┐ │ h2o
ch2─co │ │
│ ┌────┼──┘
└ch─nh nad(u+)
│└──>─────┘
└coo(u-)

j14-->
[dho]=[dihydroorotate]+[prpp]
[xxxase]
co──hn─co
│ │
ch │
├2 ┌───┘
c──nh──>────┐ nadh+h(u+)
│ └──>>──┐ │
└coo(u-) │ │
┌ch2─pi│ │
│ ┌h│ │
┌ch─o─c───ppi
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j15-->
[omp]
[xxxase]
co──hn─co
│ │
ch │
├2 ┌───┘
c──n──────┐
│<───h(u+)│
└coo(u-) │
└┴┴─>>co2│
┌ch2─pi│
│ ┌h│
┌ch─o─c─┘ ppi
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh

j16-->
[ump]
[xxxase]
co──hn─co
│ │
ch │
├2 ┌───┘
ch─n──────┐
co2 │
┌ch2─pi│
│ ┌h│
┌ch─o─c─┘
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
j17-->
[ump]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi co──nh
│ ┌h │ │
┌ch─o─c───┐ ch co
│┌hh┐ │ │ ├2 │
└c──c─┘ │ ch──n
ho┘ └oh └─────┘
-----[ump.make].end------
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └oh
-----[utp.make].start------
j10-->
[ump]
[ump kinase]
┌ch2─pi atp
│ └─>>──┘
┌ch─o─ch─┐ch─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │├2 │
└c──c─┘ │ch─n──co
ho┘ └oh └───┘
j11-->
[udp]
[nucleoside diphosphate kinase]
┌ch2─ppi atp adp
┌──┼────┐└─>>──┘
│[udp..]│
└───────┘

j12-->
[utp]

┌ch2─pppi adp
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └oh
-----[utp.make].end------
-----[ctp.make].start------

j9─┬>j10
└>j20
-------------------
j10-->
[utp]
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │└──>h(u+)
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └oh ┌──┘│
┌──<────┼───┘
ch2─co│ │ ┌<<──h2o
└ch2└──nh2 │ atp──┐
│ └─>────┘<──────┴eng.
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j11-->j30
[ctp]+[glu.]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n h(u+)
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c─nh2
ho┘ └oh
ch2─co
└ch2└o(u-) adp pi
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)
-------------------
j20-->
[utp]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │└──>──┐
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co atp
ho┘ └oh └──>──┘

j21-->
[xxx]
gln.[nh2.donor]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c───pi adp
ho┘ └oh ┌──┘ ┌>┘
┌──<<───┼──┬┐│
ch2─co│ │ hoh
└ch2└──nh2 │
│ └─>────┘
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j22-->
[ctp]+[glu]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c─nh2 pi
ho┘ └oh

ch2─co
└ch2└─oh
│
ch─nh3(u+)
└coo(u-)

j22-->
[ctp]+[glu]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c─nh2
ho┘ └oh
-----[ctp.make].end------
-----[cdp.make].start------
;strye.641,garret.943
j10-->
[ctp]+[adp]
[nucleoside diphosphate kinase]
┌───>─┐
┌ch2─pppi adp
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c─nh2
ho┘ └oh
j11-->
[cdp]
┌ch2─ppi atp
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─n
│┌hh┐ │ │2 ├2
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─c─nh2
ho┘ └oh

-----[cdp.make].end--------
;stryer.643 , garret=941
a5=[ribonucleotide reductase]
=[b1=85kd*2]+[b2=45kd*2]
a1=atp,datp,dgtp,dttp a2=atp,datp
a3=tyr.122
a6=[─s─s─]
┌<─a1─┬─[control]
┌b1┬──┐ │
│ │ │<─a2┘
│ │ │┌─<──[ndp]
│ │ ││
┌─┐ │ │ │ ┌──┐
│ │ └──┼a6┘ │ │
│ │ │ a3─┤ │
│ └────┼────┘ │
│ ─o─fe(u3+)│
└─b2───┴───────┘

[electron transfer]
a7=[thioredoxin reductase]=58kd
a8.[─s─s─]=[thioredoxin]=12kd=[─cys─gly─pro─cys─]
pr1.
nadph+h(u+)->┌──[a7]──────────┐
┌───<<───────│ [fad]->[─s─s─] │
│ └────────────────┘
└>>a8.[─s─s─]->[a5].[─s─s─]->[ndp]
pr2.[ganze]
nadph+h(u+)->┌──[a7]──────────────┐
┌───<<───────│ [fadh2]->[─sh hs─] │
│ └────────────────────┘
└>>a8.[─sh hs─]->[a5].[─sh hs─]->[ndp]
pr3.
nadp(u+)-> ┌──[a7]──────────┐
┌───<<───────│ [fad]->[─s─s─] │
│ └────────────────┘
└>>a8.[─s─s─]->[a5].[─s─s─]->[dndp]+ h2o

-----[dndp.make].start------
ndp=xdp,x=a,g,u,c
j10-->
[ndp]
[ribonucleotide reductase]
┌ch2─ppi
┌ch─o─ch──[base]
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘┌>└oh nadph+h(u+)
│ └───<───┘ │
└──────<─────┘
j11-->
[dndp]
[ribonucleotide reductase]
┌ch2─ppi
┌ch─o─ch──[base]
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └h hoh nadph(u+)
j12-->
[dndp]=dxdp,x=a,g,u,c
┌ch2─ppi
┌ch─o─ch──[base]
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └h
-----[dndp.make].end------
-----[dtmp.make].start----
stryer.647,garret.945
j10-->
[nucleoside diphosphate kinase]=[iinsan kinaje]
[dudp]
┌─>>──┐
┌ch2─ppi atp
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └h
j11-->
[xxxase]
[dutp]
┌─<<──┐
┌ch2─pppi h2o adp
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └h

j11-->
[thf.donor.ch2]
[dump]+[thf.ch2]
[xxxase]

┌ch2─pi ppi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └h ┌<─┼┘
└─>│
┌──>>───┘
┌─ch2──────┐
│ ┌────>│
┌5'n─6'ch 10'n ─┐
│ thf..[ch2] │
└────────────────┘

j12-->
[dtmp]
[xxxase]
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴c──co
ho┘ └h └ch3
2 h──┐
┌5'n┴6'c 10'n ─┐
│ dhf.. │
└────────────────┘
j13-->
[dtmp]
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch──n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴c──co
ho┘ └h └ch3
-----[dtmp.make].end----
-----[dhf]->[thf].start--
j10-->
[dhf]=[dihydrofolic acid]
[xxxase]
┌─<─┬<<──nadph+h(u+)
│2 │ h──┐
┌5'n┴6'c 10'n ─┐
│ dhf.. │
└────────────────┘

j11-->
[thf]=[tetrahydrofolic acid]
[xxxase]
nadph(u+)
┌h ┌h h──┐
┌5'n─6'c 10'n ─┐
│ thf.. │
└────────────────┘
-----[dhf]->[thf].end--
---[dtmp.synth.ase.wirken].start---
pr10.-->
[thf.donor.ch2]
[dump]+[thf.ch2]
a1=[dtmp.synth.ase]

pr10.-->
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch───n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴ch─co
ho┘ └h┌─>──┘ │
a1.cys─sh │
┌──<───┘ │
│ ┌──>>────┘
│ ┌─ch2──────┐
└>│ │
┌5'n─6'ch 10'n ─┐
│ thf..[ch2] │
└────────────────┘
pr11.-->
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch───n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │ │
└c──c─┘ hc─ch─co
ho┘ └h │ ││
a1.cys─s────┘ ││
│ ┌─<─┼┘
h─>─┘ └──>ch2
│ ┌────>│
┌5'n─6'ch 10'n ─┐
│ thf..[ch2] │
└────────────────┘
pr12.-->
┌ch2─pi
┌ch─o─ch───n─co─nh
│┌hh┐ │ │2 │
└c──c─┘ hc┴c──co
ho┘ └h │
a1.cys─sh ch3
2┐ h──┐
┌5'n┴6'c 10'n ─┐
│ thf..[ch2] │
└────────────────┘
---[dtmp.synth.ase.wirken].end-----

--------[nucleotide.synth].end-----

----------[hem synth.]-----
[hem.bunhai]
;stryer.625
j10--->
aminolevulinate=aminorebulinsan
succinyl─(coa)(=c4)─┬>aminorebulinsan
+ glysin ─┘
[aminolevulinate synthase]=in.mito.

┌──s─(coa) hs─(coa)
2┬o│ └<<──h(u+) 2┬o
c.┘ ┌─nh3(u+) c─┐ ┌─nh3(u+)
│└─<<───ch2─coo(u-) │ └─ch2
h─c─h co2<<──┴─┘ ch2 co2
│ │
h2c─coo(u-) h2c─coo(u-)

j11--->
aminolevulinate*2-->porphobilinogen
[aminolevulinate dehydrase]
coo coo
2h2o<<─┐ │ 2h2o │
coo │ ch2 coo(u-) ch2
│ ┌>┤ │ │ │
ch2 │┌┘ ch2 ch2 ch2
│┌─>>┼┴<┐│ │ │
ch2 │ oc┌>┐ c────────c
│┌>──┴─┐ ││ │ ├2 ├2
co │ ch2│ c───nh───ch
│ │ │ │ │
ch2 │ nh3│ ch2
│ └<<┘ │ │
nh3(u+) h(u+) nh3(u+) h(u+)

porphobilinogen*2--->xxxxx
[cosyntase]
a1=─ch2─coo(u-) , am=─ch3
ap=─(ch2)2─coo(u-) ,av=─ch─2─ch2
pr1.
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c─────c c────c c─────c c────c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c──n──ch c──n─ch c──n──c─ch─c──n─ch
│ └h ││ │ └h │ └h └h └h
ch2 └┼<<─ch2 ch2
│ │ │ │
nh3(u+)└─>>nh3(u+) nh3(u+) nh4(u+)
pr2.
xxxxx+xxxxx --->[linear tetrapyrole]
--->nh4(u+)

j12.a--->
[linear tetrapyrole]
[xxxx.ase]
pr1.
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─ch
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h││
h2c─────────>>─────────────────┘│
│┌─────────<<───────────────────┘
n.h3(u+)
pr2. [uroporphyrinogen1]
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h│
h2c────────────────────────────┘
nh4(u+)

j12.b--->
[linear tetrapyrole]
[xxxx.ase]
pr1.
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap ap a1
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─ch
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h││
h2c─────────>>─────────────────┘│
│┌─────────<<───────────────────┘
n.h3(u+)
pr2. [uroporphyrinogen3]
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap ap a1
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h│
h2c────────────────────────────┘
nh4(u+)

j13--->
[uroporphyrinogen3]
a1=─ch2─coo(u-) , am=─ch3
a1---->am
a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap ap a1
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h│
h2c────────────────────────────┘
j14--->
[coproporphyrinogen3]
ap=─(ch2)2─coo(u-) ,av=─ch─2─ch2
[xxxx.ase]
ap---->av
am ap am ap am ap ap am
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c───c c───c c───c c───c
├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2 ├2
c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c
│ └h └h └h └h └h └h └h│
h2c────┼────┼───┼────────┼────┼┘
└──────┴────┴───┴────────┴────┴──>>6h(u+)
j15--->
[protoporphyrin ix]

am av am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │ │ │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─c┬ch─c┬n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └h └2 └2 └2 └h └2 2┘│
ch─────────────────────────────┘
6h(u+)
j16--->
[protoporphyrin ix]
[ferrochelatase]=ferokelatase
am av am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │┌2 │ │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─c┴ch─c┬n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └h─>──┐ └2 └2 ┌─└h─>┐ └2 2┘│
ch┼─────┼─────────┼─────┼──────┘
└─<<─┐└─────────┼───┐ │
fe(u2+)───>>─────┘ └─┴─>2h(u+)
j17--->
[hem]
am av am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │┌2 │ │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─c┴ch─c┬n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └────┐ └2 └2 ┌─┘ └2 2┘│
ch─────┼──────────┼────────────┘
2h(u+) └─fe(u2+)──┘

;----[uroporphyrinogen3].make
[xxx.ase]
pr1-a.
coo coo
2h2o<<─┐ │ 2h2o │
coo │ ch2 coo(u-) ch2
│ ┌>┤ │ │ │
ch2 │┌┘ ch2 ch2 ch2
│┌─>>┼┴<┐│ │ │
ch2 │ oc┌>┐ c────────c
│┌>──┴─┐ ││ │ ├2 ├2
co │ ch2│ c───nh───ch
│ │ │ │ │
ch2 │ nh3│ ch2
│ └<<┘ │ │
nh3(u+) h(u+) nh3(u+) h(u+)
pr1.[loop*2].
cooh cooh
│ 2h2o<<─┐ │
cooh ch2 cooh │ ch2
│ │ │ ┌>┤ │
ch2 ch2 ch2 │┌┘ ch2
│ │ │┌─>>┼┴<┐│
c─────c ch2 │ oc┌>┐
├2 ├2 │┌─>─┴─┐ ││ │
c──n──ch co │ ch2│
│ └h ││ │ │ │ │
ch2 └┼──<<─ch2 │ nh3│
│ │ │ └<<┘ │
nh3(u+)└──>>─nh3(u+) h(u+)

pr2.
cooh cooh cooh cooh
│ 2h2o │ 2h2o │ │
cooh ch2 cooh ch2 cooh ch2 ch2 coo
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
ch2 ch2 ch2 ch2 ch2 ch2 ch2 ch2
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c────c h c────c h c────c c───────c
├2 2┤ │ ├2 2┤ │ ├2 2┤ x x├2 2┤
c─nh─c─c─c─nh─c─c─c─nh─c.h hc──nh───c<<─┐
│ │ │ └──┐ │ │ │
┌─ch2 h h └<─┴─<<────ch2 │
│ │ h(u+) h(u+) │ │
│ nh3(u+) nh4(u+) nh4(u+) h(u+) nh3 │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘

pr3.
a1=─ch2─coo(u-) , am=─ch3
ap=─(ch2)2─coo(u-) ,av=─ch─2─ch2

a1 ap a1 ap a1 ap ap a1
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
c────c h c────c h c────c c───────c
├2 2┤ │ ├2 2┤ │ ├2 2┤ ├2 2┤
c─nh─c─c─c─nh─c─c─c─nh─c─ch2──c──nh───c───┐
│ │ │ │
┌─ch2 h h │
│ h(u+) h(u+) │
│ nh3 nh4(u+) nh4(u+) nh3 │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘
;----[uroporphyrinogen3].make.end

----------[hem synth.].end-----
fe(u2+)─┬─transferrin.pro.─┐
fe(u2+)─┘ │
a5=ferritin.pro.=in.jojig │
┌──────────────┐ │
│┌────────────┐│ │
││4500*fe(u2+)││<<─────┘
│└────────────┘│
└──────────────┘
│<───8nm────>│

[hem.bunhai]
[heme oxygenase]
pr1.
┌<<─o2
│
am av│ am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c │ c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │2│ │ │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─c┴ch─c┬n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └────┐ └2 └2 ┌─┘ └2 2┘│
ch─────┼──────────┼────────────┘
└─fe(u2+)──┘
pr2.
┌<<──o2+nadph+h(u+)
co │ ┌──<<───┘
am av │ │am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ ├┐││ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c │││c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │ ││││2 │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─co h─┼c┴n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └────┐ └──┘ └2 ┌─┘ └2 2┘│
ch─────┼───────────┼────────────┘
└──fe(u2+)──┘
pr3.
[biliberdin]
co h2o nadp
am av am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ ┌2│
c─┴─c c─┴─c c───c c─┴─c
│ │ │ │ ├2 ├2 │ │
c─n─co oc─n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch┬c─n┬c
2┤ └────┐ h┘ └2 ┌─┘ │ └2 2┘│
ch─────┼───────────┼─┼───┼──────┘
└──fe(u2+)──┘ └─<─┴─<<─nadph+h(u+)
pr4.
[bilirubin]
co h2o nadp
am av am av am ap ap am
│ ┌2│ │ ┌2│ │ │ │ │
c─┴─c c─┴─c c───c c───c
│ │ │ │ ├2 ├2 ├2 2┤
c─n─co oc─n─c┬ch─c─n─c─ch─c─n─c
2┤ └h h┘ └2 └h └h │
ch──────────────────────────────┘
fe(u2+)

[glucuronate];gan ;damjuub baiseol
┌coo(u-)
┌─ch─o─┐
hoch┌oh cho─bilirubin
└─ch─ch┘
└oh
;stryer.628
;hang sanhoaje=bilirubin,ursan(yosan)
=ascorbsan(vitamin c)

a1=[biotin carboxyl carrier protein]
;=22kd ;stryer.510,467;garret.513
pr1
┌─<<─┬─┐
┌>>─atp hco3(u-)
│ ┌─<<──┘
│ │
│ │2┬o
└──hn─c─nh ┌a1───┐
│ │ └──lys.nh
c───ch │
│ │ o─2─┐ │
h2c─s─ch─4(ch2)─c─┘

│<────1.5nm──>│

pr2
┌──>>───┐ adp + pi
┌──coo(u-) └────┐ ┌────┐
│ ┌─<<──────h3c─┴────┘
│ │2┬o
└───n─c─nh ┌a1───┐
│ │ └──lys.nh
c───ch │
│ │ o─2─┐ │
h2c─s─ch─4(ch2)─c─┘

pr3
adp + pi
(u-)ooc─┐ ┌────┐
h2c─┴────┘
2┬o
h─n─c─nh ┌a1───┐
│ │ └──lys.nh
c───ch │
│ │ o─2─┐ │
h2c─s─ch─4(ch2)─c─┘

stryer.467
pyruvate oxaloacetate(=c4)
ch3─co─coo ch2─co─coo
└─<<─hco3(u-) └─coo(u-)

--[!pentose phosphate pathway]---
;stryer.453
g6p=d-glucose-6-pohosphate
g6p+2nadp(u+)+h2o-->ribose-5-phosphate+2nadph+h(u+)+co2

[d-glucose-6-pohosphate(g6p)]
[g6p dehydrogenase]
pr1.
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
┌─ch─o─┐┌─>─────┐
hoch┌oh choh nadp(u+)
└─ch─ch┘ └───>───┘
└oh
[6-phosphoglucono-lactone]
[lactonase]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌─<──────┐
┌─ch─o─┐<───┬┐│
hoch┌oh c┬o hoh
└─ch─ch┘2 nadph+h(u+)
└oh
[6-phosphogluconate]
[6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase]
pr1.
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h─>────>nadp(u+)
┌─ch─o ┌o─h │
hoch┌oh c┬o└─>──────┘
└─ch─ch┘2
└oh
pr2.

┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌(u-) nadph+h(u+)
┌─ch─o ┌┬┬───>>co2
hoch┌oh coo(u-)
└─ch─ch┘
└oh
pr3.

┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│
┌─ch─o─┐ co2
hoch┌oh │
└─ch─ch┘
└oh
[ribose 5-phosphate]
┌ch2opo3(u2-)
│ ┌h
┌ch─o─c─oh
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c─┘
ho┘ └oh
--[!pentose phosphate pathway].end---
--[shikimmate pathway].start--- ;e.coli
pep=[phosphoenolpyruvate]
[erythrose-4-phosphat]+pep
[xxxase]
pr1.

┌ch2─pi
│ ┌─<────┐
┌ch─o─┐ │
│┌hh┐ │ │
└c──c─┘─┐ │
ho┘ └oh │ │
│ │
┌──>>────┘ │
ch2 │
├2 │
co─po3(u2-) │
│ │ hoh
2│ └──────────┴┘
o┴c─o(u-)

pr2.
┌─<<─────┐
┌ch2─pi │
│ └─>┬─┼─>>pi
│┌───>──┼─┼┐
┌ch─o─h │ ││
│┌hh┐ └─>┘ ││
└c──c──ch2─co─coo(u-)
ho┘ └oh

[5-dehydroquinsan]
pr3.
┌────────┐
┌ch2 │ pi
│ └───────┼─>─┬─>>h2o
┌c──2─o │┌┬>┘
│┌hh┐ │││
└c──c──ch2─c┼┼─coo(u-)
ho┘ └oh └oh
[5-dehydrosikimsan]
pr4.

┌ch───2───┐ h2o
│┌───┬─<<─┼────┬─┐
┌c──2─o │ nadh+h(u+)
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c──ch2─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └oh
[sikimsan]
pr5.

┌ch───2───┐
│ ┌─<────┼───┐
┌ch─oh │ atp nad(u+)
│┌hh┐└─────┼─>─┘
└c──c──ch2─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └oh

[sikimsan-5-pi]+[pep]
pr6.
┌ch───2───┐
│ │
┌ch─pi │ adp
│┌hh┐ │
└c──c──ch2─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └oh h2c─2─c─coo(u-)
│└───>───pi─┘ ==>[pep]
└────<─────┘

[3-enolpirubilsikimsan-5-pi]
pr7.
┌ch───2───┐
│ ┌────>─┼┬>>pi
┌ch─pi ┌>─┼┘
│┌hh┐ │ │
└c──c──ch2─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └o h2c─2─c─coo(u-)
└───────────┘ pi
[korismsan]=[chorismate]
pr8.
┌ch───────┐
├2 │ pi
┌ch │
│┌hh┐ 2┐│
└c──c──ch─┴c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └o h2c─2─c─coo(u-)
└───────────┘

[korismsan]=[chorismate]
┌coo(u-)
│
ch─c─┬ch
├2 2│ 2┬ch2
ch─ch─c──o─c─coo(u-)
ho┘ └h

--[shikimmate pathway].end--- ;e.coli
----[carbamoyl-pi.make].start---
!carbamoyl-pi
;garret.890
h2co3+atp+[mito.]
[cps-1]=[carbamoyl phosphate synthetase]
pr1.
┌─>>──────┐
hco3(u-) atp
┌─>─┘
pr2.└──<─┐
[carbonyl-pi] │
┌───<────┐│
ho─c───pi nh4(u+) adp
o─┴2 └──<──┘
pr3.
[carbamsan]
┌────>───────┐
│┌───>──────┐│
ho─c──nh2 atp pi
o─┴2
pr4.
[carbamoil-p]
pi─c──nh2 adp
o─┴2
pr5.
[carbamoyl-pi]=[carbamoil-p]
h2n─co─pi

----[carbamoyl-pi.make].end----
----[high.chemie].start----
--[h2s]-- ;hc.210
mp=-83, bp=-62
(2.5).h2s.gas/h2o.aq.volumen

--[so2]-- ;hc.211
so2=-73.mp=18.mp.3.atm=-10.bp
so2.gas=so2.aq+91.3cal/g.0.grad

40.so2.gas/h2o.aq.volumen
pr1.
┌──<<───┬┐
o─2─s─2─o hoh
└─────┘
pr2.
┌─oh
o─2─s──oh
pr3.
┌─o(u-) h(u+)
o─2─s───o(u-) h(u+)

--[nh3]-- ;hc.221
nh3=(-77.7)mp=-33.bp
nh3.gas=nh3.aq+5.6 kcal/mol

710.nh3.gas/h2o.aq.volumen

--[complex ion]=[chag ion]--
hc.126
kAg(cn)2-->k(u+)+ (Ag(cn)2)(u-)

(Ag(nh3)2)(u+) (Ag(cn)2)(u-)
(Cu(h2o)4)(u2+)(Cu(nh3)4)(u2+)
(Zn(nh3)4)(u2+)
(Co(nh3)6)(u3+)(Fe(cn )6)(u4-)
(Fe(cn )6)(u3-)

----[high.chemie].end----
----[e.coli].aq---
nh4Cl 1.0g
Mgso4 0.13g
kh2po4 0.13g
Na2hpo4 0.13g
glucose 4.0g
water 1000g

----[sulfate assimilation].start---

garret.904
[so4(u2-)-->s(u2-)]

j10-->
┌────<─┐
atp h2so4
└──<─┘
j11-->
[adenosin-5'-inhoangsan]
[xxxase]
┌────>──┐
┌┼────>─┐│ ppi
┌─3'oh─┐ atp
adenin─│ribose│─pi─so3h
└──────┘
j12-->
[paps]
[thioredoxin]=12kd
[xxxase]
┌─pi adp
┌─3'───┐
adenin─│ribose│─pi─so3h
└──────┘ │ │
┌──>─────┘ │
┌h ┌h──>───┘
┌──s...s────┐
│thioredoxin│
└───────────┘
j13-->
[xxxxx]
[xxxase]
┌─pi adp
┌─3'───┐
adenin─│ribose│─pi h2so3
└──────┘

┌───┐
┌──s...s────┐
│thioredoxin│
└───────────┘

j14-->
[h2so3] + nadph+h(u+)
[xxxase]
┌────<──────┐
│ ┌──<────┐ │
┌─oh nadph+h(u+)
o─2─s──oh nadph+h(u+)
│ │ └──<───┘ │
│ └─────<─────┘
└──<<──nadph+h(u+)

j15-->
[h2s]
[xxxase]
h2s 3h2o nadp(u+)

j16-->
[h2s]
[xxxase]
h2s
----[sulfate assimilation].endp---

----------------
[!prosthetic group]
[prosthetic group]=[bogyeolueonjadan]
[thf]=[tetrahydrofolate] ;stryer.611,garret.523
=[polsan];[metyl donor]
[tetrahydrobiopterin]
[tpp]=[thiamine pyrophosphate]
;st.383,402,460
[plp]=[pyridoxal phosphate]=[piridogsalinsan]
;[nh.donor];st.524,garret.505,[vitamin b6]
-----------------

hoh
biyeol=4.1840j/g.grad=fe*10
=nacl*5=seogyeong*5=haigsan*2
h2o.aq=h2o.solid+335j/g
h2o.gas=h2o.aq+2.24kj/g

garet.56
guunyug sepo.(6.8ph)=hpo4(u2-)/h2po4(u-)=0.398

h3po4 ph0=0.96,ph2=0.58,ph4=0.01
h2po4(u-) ph0=0.04,ph2=0.41,ph6=0.94,ph8=0.14
hpo4(u2-) ph6=0.06,ph8=0.86,ph10=1.0,ph12=0.72
po4(u3-) ph12=0.28

garrett.82
(0.25).mol.his -->
ph2 ==his(u2+)=0.097mol
his(u+)=0.153
,his(u0)=1.53*10^-5mol
,his(u-)=9.6*10^-13mol

ph6.4==his(u2+)=1.78*10^-4mol
,his(u+)=0.071
,his(u0)=0.179
,his(u-)=2.8*10^-4mol

ph9.3== his(u2+)=1.75*10^-12mol
,his(u+)=5.5*10^-5mol
,his(u0)=0.111mol
,his(u-)=0.139mol

hpo4(u2-)=h2po4(u-)=(7.20).pk
h2co3=hco3(u-)=3.80.pk.37.grad

ph=-log10(h(u+)),pkw=ph+poh=14
1liter.h2o-->h(u+)+oh(u-)=10*^-7mol
1liter.h2o=1000/18=55.5mol
1mol.hcl.(1l.h2o) =0.ph
0.1mol.hcl.(1l.h2o) =1.ph
0.01mol.hcl.(1l.h2o)=2.ph

1mol.naoh.(1l.h2o) =14.ph
0.1mol.naoh.(1l.h2o) =13.ph
log(e)x=2.303*log10x

;--[dna mildo] ;garret.240
(g+c).40%=1.70
(g+c).50%=1.715
(g+c).60%=1.725
(g+c).66%=1.73

;--[dna mp] ;garret.237
mp=69.3+(0.41)*(g+c)%.0.2mol.na(u+)
(a+t).100%=70.mp
(g+c).100%=110.mp

---end---[---]

//------------- end file ------------------